Biology Chapter on Asexual Reproduction
172 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of organism is primarily characterized by a haploid-dominant life cycle?

  • Fungi (correct)
  • Prokaryotes
  • Animals
  • Plants

    • What is the significance of genetic variation in the context of asexual reproduction?

  • It enhances the efficiency of reproduction.
  • It promotes rapid population growth.
  • It is crucial for adaptation to changing environments. (correct)
  • It reduces competition for resources.

    • Which process describes the formation of two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell?

  • Conjugation
  • Budding
  • Sporulation
  • Binary Fission (correct)

    • What is the primary advantage of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction?

    <p>It requires less energy investment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of rapid population growth due to asexual reproduction?

    <p>Enhanced genetic diversity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasmids in bacteria?

    <p>They carry additional genetic information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms reproduce asexually through budding?

    <p>Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the diploid cell formed during conjugation in fungi return to the haploid state?

    <p>Sporulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT an advantage of external fertilisation?

    <p>Greater proportion of offspring survive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between internal and external fertilisation?

    <p>External fertilisation occurs in aquatic environments, while internal fertilisation occurs in terrestrial environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of internal fertilisation that contributes to a higher likelihood of successful fertilisation?

    <p>Positioning of gametes near each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true for both internal and external fertilisation?

    <p>Both methods require the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of endosperm in angiosperms?

    <p>To provide nutrition to the developing embryo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between the fertilisation processes in angiosperms and mammals?

    <p>Fertilisation in angiosperms requires pollination, while in mammals it does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cervix in the process of internal fertilisation in mammals?

    <p>It acts as a passageway for the sperm to reach the uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the process of implantation in mammals?

    <p>The zygote travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the synchronised release of gametes in aquatic animals that rely on external fertilisation?

    <p>It increases the chances of fertilisation by bringing gametes together in close proximity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is parental investment in offspring generally higher in animals that practice internal fertilisation?

    <p>Internal fertilisation results in fewer offspring, requiring greater care and protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of methylation in gene expression?

    <p>Methylation decreases the rate of gene expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermosensitive period (TSP) in reptile development?

    <p>The period during which the embryo's sex is determined by temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in living organisms?

    <p>To catalyse chemical reactions, provide support, and perform various other functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between amino acids and proteins?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its shape and function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Transport proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples illustrates a protein's structural role?

    <p>Keratin providing support in claws, beaks, and nails. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defense protein that helps fight infection?

    <p>Interferon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein can affect its function. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of such a change?

    <p>The protein may lose its ability to fold correctly and perform its function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Telophase I of meiosis?

    <p>Nuclear membrane forms around separated chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of cytokinesis I in meiosis?

    <p>Two haploid daughter cells are formed, each with two sister chromatids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Prophase II?

    <p>Nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes condense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do spindle fibres play during Anaphase II?

    <p>They separate sister chromatids and pull them to opposite poles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the fertilisation process between sperm and egg?

    <p>Enzymes from the acrosome dissolving the zona pellucida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the embryo become known as when it is ready for implantation in the uterus?

    <p>Blastocyst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after the sperm enters the egg?

    <p>Changes occur to prevent multiple sperm from entering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period do major organs develop in humans?

    <p>Embryonic period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the corpus luteum in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>To produce estrogen and progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the umbilical cord?

    <p>To exchange blood, nutrients, and waste material with the mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if fertilisation does not happen after ovulation?

    <p>The egg and endometrium are shed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical gestation period measured?

    <p>From the mother’s last menstrual period to birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproduction do bacteria primarily use?

    <p>Binary fission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT a way that bacteria can acquire genetic variation?

    <p>Budding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows segmented worms and many echinoderms to regenerate new organisms?

    <p>Fragmentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which asexual reproduction method involves parts of a plant detaching to grow into new plants?

    <p>Fragmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction do underground tubers (modified stems) provide for plants?

    <p>Asexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an unfertilized egg developing into an individual?

    <p>Parthenogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

    <p>Fewer offspring produced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of estrogen during the follicular phase?

    <p>To promote the thickening of the endometrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ovulation typically occur in a menstrual cycle?

    <p>Around day 14 of the cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sexual reproduction in animals, fertilization occurs primarily through which process?

    <p>Both external and internal fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of plant life does the diploid sporophyte reproduce?

    <p>During meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates into a corpus albicans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of progesterone during early pregnancy?

    <p>To maintain the uterine lining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of sexual reproduction?

    <p>Reduced risk of extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) mainly produced?

    <p>By the cells in the blastocyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life phase in plants produces the haploid gamete?

    <p>Gametophyte phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the production of spores that are designed for dispersal?

    <p>Spore formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the hormonal changes that lead to ovulation?

    <p>Surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the body secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

    <p>Follicular phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following asexual reproduction methods allows plants to rapidly regrow after adverse conditions like drought?

    <p>Rhizome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis during the sexual reproduction of plants produces which type of spores?

    <p>Haploid spores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the corpus luteum forming during the luteal phase?

    <p>It inhibits the release of FSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Hormonal signals from the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of asexual reproduction in angiosperms?

    <p>Bulbs and tubers development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>The corpus luteum secretes hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the start of menstruation?

    <p>Declining levels of estrogen and progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It promotes uterine contractions during labor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and facilitates ovulation?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase directly follows the release of the egg during ovulation?

    <p>Luteal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

    <p>For growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

    <p>S phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

    <p>Spindle fibers form and centrioles move to opposite poles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?

    <p>It allows for random assortment of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of one complete meiotic division?

    <p>Four haploid gametes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about apoptosis is correct?

    <p>It occurs only in terminally differentiated cells (A), It is a normal part of cell differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of centromeres during mitosis?

    <p>They hold sister chromatids together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

    <p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in mitosis corresponds to the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equator?

    <p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of cytokinesis?

    <p>To divide the cytoplasm into two cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the G0 phase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Cells can no longer replicate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent assortment during meiosis occurs in which phase?

    <p>Metaphase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells divide through meiosis?

    <p>Gametic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is created as a result of mitotic division?

    <p>Two diploid, genetically identical daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the metaphase stage of mitosis?

    <p>Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase during DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA double helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of independent assortment during meiosis?

    <p>It increases genetic variation in gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what structure is formed on the lagging strand?

    <p>Okazaki fragments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in terms of DNA organization?

    <p>Eukaryotic DNA is linear, while prokaryotic DNA is circular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a nucleotide connects to the nitrogenous base?

    <p>Deoxyribose sugar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during transcription in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>RNA is synthesized from DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the genetic information maintained across generations in a species?

    <p>Through accurate DNA replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, where does translation occur?

    <p>In the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if mutations occur during DNA replication?

    <p>It can lead to incorrect protein production or no protein at all (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ligase during DNA replication?

    <p>To join Okazaki fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic variation results from crossing over?

    <p>Recombination of traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chargaff's rule regarding nitrogenous bases?

    <p>A = T and G = C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of testosterone in males?

    <p>Maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is critical for maintaining the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

    <p>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chemical pregnancy?

    <p>A failed implantation of a fertilized egg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which week does the baby's heart begin to beat?

    <p>Week 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of artificial insemination?

    <p>Expensive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive technology manipulates plant reproduction asexually?

    <p>Vegetative propagation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential ethical concern associated with selective breeding?

    <p>Passing genetic weaknesses to offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of oxytocin in the reproductive process?

    <p>Promotes milk release during lactation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of pregnancy does the fertilized egg implant outside the uterine cavity?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods involves removing pollen from one plant to fertilize another?

    <p>Artificial pollination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of grafting in plants involve?

    <p>Joining cut plant tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ does hCG primarily target during pregnancy?

    <p>Ovaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of embryos during Weeks 13-20?

    <p>They practice breathing and can feel pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the use of scientific knowledge to influence the reproductive traits of plants or animals?

    <p>Reproductive technologies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when alleles of the same gene separate randomly during meiosis?

    <p>They segregate equally into daughter cells, creating genetic variation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that when gametes form, alleles are separated, so each gamete carries only one allele for each gene?

    <p>Laws of segregation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?

    <p>Each trait has an equal chance of being inherited independently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of beneficial mutations in a species?

    <p>They contribute to the genetic variance of the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>It leads to allele shuffling between homologous chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of Mendel's crosses represents a hybrid form from a purebred dominant and purebred recessive?

    <p>AA x aa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mutations in a population?

    <p>They are necessary for the evolution and adaptation of a species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of monohybrid crosses, what does the term 'monohybrid' specifically refer to?

    <p>The inheritance of one trait being analyzed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an allele represent in genetics?

    <p>A gene variant at a specific locus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the principle of dominance?

    <p>Dominant alleles can mask the expression of recessive alleles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism's genetic makeup?

    <p>Genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the observable characteristics of an organism?

    <p>Phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would incomplete dominance occur?

    <p>Offspring exhibit traits blending both parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes codominance?

    <p>Traits of both parents are expressed equally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic inheritance pattern involves multiple alleles?

    <p>Codominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for an allele to be dominant?

    <p>It is always expressed in the phenotype. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a person express a recessive trait?

    <p>By having two recessive alleles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about autosomal dominant inheritance?

    <p>Affected individuals always have an affected parent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sex-linked traits?

    <p>Traits that are located on the sex chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a carrier defined in genetics?

    <p>An individual heterozygous for a recessive allele. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pedigree represent in genetics?

    <p>A diagram showing familial traits across generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines a homozygous organism?

    <p>Having identical alleles for a trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor in non-Mendelian inheritance patterns?

    <p>Heterozygosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following combinations could denote a hemophilic male?

    <p>Xn Y (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using pedigrees in zoos?

    <p>To prevent inbreeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when the Hardy-Weinberg principle conditions are met?

    <p>Allele frequencies will remain constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a fixed allele signify in a population?

    <p>It is present in every individual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do polygenic traits differ from single-gene traits?

    <p>They result from multiple gene interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?

    <p>They involve a single base pair variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a population does not meet Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

    <p>It confirms the population is evolving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is allele frequency defined in a population?

    <p>The rate at which alleles occur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of polymorphism in genetics?

    <p>Leads to multiple evident phenotypes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the additive effect in polygenic inheritance?

    <p>Contributing alleles increase the trait expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for a SNP to be classified as such?

    <p>It should appear in more than 1% of individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula used to demonstrate?

    <p>The equilibrium of allele frequencies in a stable population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of selective breeding on allele frequencies?

    <p>It can alter allele frequencies significantly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a gene that shows polymorphism?

    <p>It shows more than one allele in a population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high allele frequency of a recessive trait indicate?

    <p>It is frequently carried by heterozygous individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the mRNA strand?

    <p>RNA polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base sequence represents a start codon for protein synthesis?

    <p>AUG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does tRNA play in the process of translation?

    <p>It brings amino acids to the ribosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?

    <p>The polypeptide chain terminates and is released (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mutations in the DNA sequence potentially affect protein synthesis?

    <p>They may produce incorrect mRNA sequences which can lead to abnormal phenotypes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the pairing of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons?

    <p>tRNA anticodons are complementary to mRNA codons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epigenetic marks in gene expression?

    <p>They block the activation of transcription in regulated genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a protein is functional?

    <p>The 3D shape that the polypeptide chain folds into (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of twin studies, what do identical twins help to clarify?

    <p>The impact of shared genetic information on environmental traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding peptide bonds?

    <p>They are formed through a condensation reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the triplet code in RNA?

    <p>It encodes groups of three nitrogen bases for amino acids or special functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome occurs when a regulated gene is inhibited by epigenetic marks?

    <p>The process of transcription cannot initiate for that gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mRNA after it has been used in protein synthesis?

    <p>It can be reused to produce more of the same protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures of a protein is responsible for its overall 3D shape?

    <p>Tertiary structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonding is responsible for the formation of alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets in proteins?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between globular and fibrous proteins?

    <p>Globular proteins have a wide range of functions, while fibrous proteins are primarily involved in structural support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the variable region (HVR) in antibodies?

    <p>It determines the specificity of the antibody for a particular antigen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does alternative splicing contribute to the diversity of proteins in humans?

    <p>By producing multiple mRNA molecules from a single gene, leading to different protein isoforms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of haemoglobin?

    <p>To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrous proteins?

    <p>They are made up of multiple polypeptide subunits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype determines the phenotype, which is an organism's physical traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of random fertilisation in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Contributes to genetic variation among offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mutations is most likely to have a significant impact on the function of a protein?

    <p>A frameshift mutation that alters the reading frame of the gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Generates offspring genetically identical to the single parent.
    • Populations can rapidly increase in stable environments.
    • Requires no energy investment for finding a mate.
    • Lack of genetic variation limits species to specific habitats.
    • Species are vulnerable to extinction if environmental conditions change.
    • Rapid population growth can lead to overcrowding and intraspecific competition.

    Asexual Reproduction in Animals

    Budding

    • Outgrowth of a body region separating to form two individuals.
    • Common in protists and fungi.
    • New organisms develop as separate forms from their parents, only becoming independent after maturity.
    • New organisms can begin budding of their own.
    • Fungi can be unicellular (e.g., yeast) or multicellular. Their life cycles alternate between vegetative (haploid) and reproductive phases.
    • Asexual reproduction involves budding or fission in favorable conditions.
    • Under unfavorable conditions or nutrient limitation, a process of conjugation can produce a diploid cell that undergoes sporulation for spore production.

    Binary Fission

    • Organisms split longitudinally into two separate organisms.
    • Each partial cell develops the missing internal structures.
    • Common in prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) and some protozoa.
    • Bacteria have a circular chromosome in the nucleoid.
    • Bacteria can also contain plasmids.
    • Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission, and can also acquire genetic variation through conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
    • Protists can use binary fission and budding.

    Fragmentation

    • A body part detaches and develops into a new organism.
    • The original organism regenerates the lost part.
    • Common in segmented worms and some echinoderms.
    • Mitosis drives the rapid growth of new cells to rebuild muscle fibers and internal structures.
    • Fragmentation can be intentional or unintentional.

    Parthenogenesis

    • Unfertilized egg develops into a complete individual.
    • Offspring can be haploid or diploid depending on species.

    Asexual Reproduction in Plants

    • Common in angiosperms (flowering plants).

    Bulb

    • Underground bulbous stem and fleshy leaves store nourishment for dormancy.

    Fragmentation

    • Broken pieces of the parent plant regenerate to form new plants.

    Rhizome

    • Horizontal stems under the ground send out suckers (new shoots and roots) to produce new plants.

    Runner

    • Above-ground stems produce new shoots and roots at nodes.

    Sucker

    • Growth developing from a plant's rootstock.
    • Can lead to rapid regrowth after environmental damage.

    Tuber

    • Underground modified stem storing starch as energy.

    Apomixis

    • Some plants produce offspring from generative tissues without fertilization or seeds.
    • Includes parthenogenesis in some animal species.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Two parents contribute genetic material for unique offspring.
    • Greater genetic variation allows species to survive in a wider range of environments.
    • Beneficial genetic variations are preserved, while unfavorable ones are eliminated more effectively.
    • Reproduction is slower and demands energy for reproductive structures and gametes.
    • Recombination can break apart advantageous gene combinations or introduce harmful variations.
    • Finding and courting a mate can be costly in terms of energy and time.
    • Two types of fertilization: external and internal.

    Sexual Reproduction in Animals

    • Fertilization involves the union of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) internally or externally.
    • This is influenced by the species' environment.

    Internal Fertilization

    • The joining of gametes occurs inside the female's body, increasing the likelihood of successful fertilization.
    • Often involves fewer gametes due to higher success rates, and reduced parental investment can lead to greater offspring survival.
    • Prevalent in terrestrial environments.

    External Fertilization

    • The joining of gametes occurs outside the female's body.
    • Often results in large numbers of offspring.
    • Less parental care, with limited investment in mating or offspring rearing.
    • More offspring die due to environmental conditions and lack of parental care.
    • More gametes needed for successful fertilization.
    • More common in aquatic environments.

    Sexual Reproduction in Plants

    • Consists of two phases: sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid).
    • Both phases are multicellular and reproduce via mitosis.
    • Heterosporous spores produce one or more ovules inside the ovary in angiosperms.

    Pollination and Fertilization in Angiosperms

    • Pollination: Pollen lands on the stigma.
    • Fertilization: A pollen tube grows through the style to the ovule, where a sperm fertilizes an egg.
    • Fertilized egg divides to form an embryo.
    • A separate sperm fertilizes polar bodies to produce triploid endosperm (food for embryo).
    • The ovary develops into a fruit, protecting and dispersing the seeds.

    Fertilization, Implantation, and Hormonal Control in Mammals

    • Internal fertilization results in genetically unique offspring.
    • Male and female reproductive organs produce gametes (sperm and egg).
    • In placental mammals, the developing zygote implants itself in the uterine wall endometrium.
    • Various developmental stages occur before birth.

    Fertilization and Implantation in Humans

    • Sperm penetrates the egg's protective layer using enzymes from the acrosome.
    • Sperm nuclei fuses with the egg's nucleus to create a diploid zygote.
    • Zygote travels to the uterus and implants.
    • Blastocyst (ball of cells) implants in the uterine lining (endometrium).
    • Embryo receives nutrients directly from the uterus.

    Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles

    • Ovarian Cycle:
      • Maturation of egg and follicle.
      • Egg release (ovulation).
      • Corpus luteum formation.
    • Menstrual Cycle:
      • Preparation and maintenance of uterine wall for implantation.
      • Shedding of uterine lining if no implantation.

    Hormones Involved in Pregnancy

    • FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, hCG, oxytocin, testosterone.
      • FSH and LH regulate the ovarian cycle.
      • Estrogen and progesterone prepare and maintain the uterus for pregnancy.
      • hCG maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.
      • Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk release.

    Impact of Scientific Knowledge on Reproduction Manipulation

    • Selective Breeding (Sexual):

      • Understanding genetics to select for desirable traits.
      • Reduced genetic diversity. Diseases and weaknesses may increase.

    • Artificial Insemination (Sexual):

      • Understanding reproductive cycles and hormones to control insemination.
      • Reduced need for many males. Gene diversity is potential improvement.

    • Vegetative Propagation (Asexual):

      • Cloning plants.
      • Limited biodiversity in the long term.

    • Embryonic Transfer (Sexual):

      • Transferring embryos for reproduction, particularly with livestock.

    • Artificial Pollination:

      • Controlling pollination for crossbreeding and increased crop yield.

    Cell Replication Processes

    • Cell Cycle:
      • Interphase (G1, S, G2): Growth, DNA replication, preparation for division (G0 = non-dividing cells).
    • Mitosis:
      • PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase): Dividing nucleus to produce two identical diploid daughter cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
    • Meiosis:
      • Two divisions.
      • Reduces chromosome number.
      • Produces four haploid, genetically unique daughter cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction.

    DNA Replication

    • Semi-conservative replication: Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.
    • Enzymes involved: Helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, SSB proteins.
    • Leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments.
    • Proofreading mechanisms ensure accuracy.

    Effect of Cell Replication on Species Continuity

    • Mitosis maintains genetic consistency for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
    • Meiosis introduces genetic variation for adapting to changing environments and for speciation.
    • Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring.
    • Sexual reproduction generates unique offspring from combined genetic material.

    DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

    • Prokaryotes:
      • Circular DNA in nucleoid.
      • Plasmids (small rings of DNA).
      • No histones.
    • Eukaryotes:
      • Linear DNA in nucleus.
      • Histones.
      • Mitochondria and chloroplast DNA.

    Polypeptide Synthesis (Transcription and Translation)

    • Transcription:
      • DNA code is copied to mRNA.
      • RNA polymerase produces mRNA using DNA template.
    • Translation:
      • Ribosomes translate mRNA code into a polypeptide chain.
      • tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome.
      • Codons (3-base sequences) on mRNA determine amino acid sequence.
      • Polypeptides fold into functional proteins.

    Genes, Environment, and Phenotypic Expression

    • Genetics - Twin Studies:
      • Identical twins share DNA; differences reflect environment. Non-identical reflect both environment and genes.
    • Environmental Effects:
      • Constitutive genes are always expressed.
      • Regulated genes express differently depending on factors, such as epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation).
    • Case Study - Reptile Gender:
      • Incubation temperature influences sex determination in some reptiles by affecting gene expression.

    Protein Structure and Function

    • Structure:
      • Primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta sheet), tertiary, quaternary levels.
      • Amino acid sequence determines a protein's shape and function.
      • Interactions between amino acid side chains form the tertiary structure.
    • Function:
      • Enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, storage proteins, hormones, receptors, contractile proteins, defense proteins.

    Genetic Variation

    • Meiosis:
      • Crossing over (exchange of genetic material).
      • Independent assortment (random segregation of chromosomes).
      • Random fertilization (combination of unique gametes).
    • Mutations:
      • Changes in DNA sequences to produce new alleles and genotypes.
    • Genotype Variation:
      • New combinations of alleles result from meiosis, fertilization, and mutations
      • Hereditary factors from each parent are combined.

    Mendel’s Laws and Inheritance

    • Mendel's Laws:
      • Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation.
      • Independent assortment: Alleles for different traits are inherited independently.
      • Dominance: Recessive alleles are masked by dominant alleles
    • Monohybrid crosses:
      • Studying inheritance of a single trait.

    Polygenic Inheritance and Allele Frequencies

    • Polygenic traits: Influenced by multiple genes.
    • Allele frequencies: Rates of specific alleles in a population.
    • Hardy-Weinberg principle: Describes allele and genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population.

    Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

    • SNPs: Single base variations in DNA sequences.
    • Relevance: SNPs are frequently linked with disease, drug responses, and other phenotypic traits.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on asexual reproduction and its various aspects with this informative quiz. Cover questions related to organism types, genetic variation, and fertilization processes. Perfect for reinforcing concepts found in your biology studies!

    More Like This

    Asexual Reproduction Quiz
    20 questions

    Asexual Reproduction Quiz

    SimplerPink avatar
    SimplerPink
    Asexual Reproduction Quiz: Genetics and Inheritance
    16 questions

    Asexual Reproduction Quiz: Genetics and Inheritance

    WellBehavedSanctuary3922 avatar
    WellBehavedSanctuary3922
    Asexual Reproduction Methods
    8 questions

    Asexual Reproduction Methods

    CongratulatoryStrength avatar
    CongratulatoryStrength
    Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
    8 questions

    Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

    CheapestIguana9832 avatar
    CheapestIguana9832
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser