Biology Chapter on Genes and Proteins

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of a gene in protein synthesis?

Genes code for the order of amino acids in a protein. (correct)

Genes are directly involved in transporting amino acids to ribosomes.

Genes provide energy for protein synthesis.

Genes determine the shape of ribosomes where proteins are assembled.

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule, while DNA is double-stranded.

RNA uses the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) found in DNA.

RNA is found in the cytoplasm, while DNA is confined to the nucleus.

All of the above. (correct)

How does DNA influence the production of proteins?

DNA directly creates proteins through a process called translation.

DNA regulates the transport of amino acids to ribosomes.

DNA provides energy for ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins.

DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, which then carries the code for protein production. (correct)

Which of the following best describes how a cell controls which proteins it produces?

Cells can selectively activate or deactivate specific genes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes read the RNA code and assemble amino acids into a protein chain. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of change in a gene sequence is referred to as a mutation?

A permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of a mutation?

Mutations can have no noticeable effect on an organism's phenotype. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can mutations be beneficial to a species?

Mutations can introduce new genetic variations that can be advantageous in changing environments. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?

Gene sequence (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells with identical chromosomes produce different proteins?

They use gene sections differently. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of RNA in protein synthesis?

Carrying codes from DNA to ribosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can mutations affect an organism?

They can permanently change DNA sequences. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mutations in DNA?

Environmental factors such as UV light (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a gene?

A gene is a section of DNA on a chromosome. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to DNA when it is twisted too tightly?

RNA cannot be synthesized. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of RNA?

Thymine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gene?

To store instructions for making specific proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do cells control which proteins they produce?

By selectively activating or deactivating specific genes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation?

A permanent alternation in the sequence of DNA nucleotides in a gene or chromosome (B) Signup and view all the answers

How can mutations be beneficial?

Mutations can create new variations in a species, some of which might be advantageous (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes read the RNA code and build the protein from amino acids (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genes

Most characteristics (e.g., hair color, height) depend on the proteins your cells produce.
DNA stores the instructions for making proteins.
The instructions for a specific protein are found within a gene.
A gene is a section of DNA located on a chromosome.

Genes on a Chromosome

Chromosomes are depicted as an X shape or a long strand.
DNA is a long strand that contains genes.
Genes are arranged along the DNA strand in a specific order. A single gene is a short section of the chromosome.
A chromosome is made of two chromatids joined by a centromere.
A human cell nucleus has 23 pairs of chromosomes. (e.g., two copies of #19, two copies of #12).

Proteins

Proteins are chains of hundreds or thousands of amino acids.
The order of amino acids is determined by the gene. A gene determines the order of amino acids.
Proteins build cells and tissues, or act as enzymes.

Making Proteins

Proteins are made on ribosomes within the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes receive instructions from RNA.
RNA carries the code from the nucleus to the ribosome (transcription).
The RNA message is then translated into a specific protein (translation) at the ribosome.

RNA

RNA is made in the nucleus based on the DNA pattern.
RNA is different from DNA in structure. It's a single-stranded molecule.
RNA is like a ladder with its rungs cut in half, meaning it's single-stranded.
RNA includes the bases A, G, C, and U (uracil), excluding thymine.

DNA to RNA

DNA in the nucleus is used to create RNA.
RNA carries the protein code from the nucleus to the ribosome (transcription).
At the ribosome, the RNA message is translated into a specific protein (translation).

Controlling Genes

Cells have the same chromosomes and genes.
Cells do not always produce the same proteins due to different genes being expressed.
Each cell utilizes a subset of genes to create proteins specific to its function.

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Sometimes DNA is tightly wound preventing RNA production (transcription).
Sometimes chemicals bind to DNA preventing its use.
Incorrect proteins affect the organism's function.
RNA is made in the nucleus, then carries the genetic code to the ribosomes to produce proteins.

Mutations

Mistakes can occur during DNA replication.
Mistakes in DNA replication may lead to incorrect proteins.
Mutations are permanent DNA sequence changes in a gene or chromosome of a cell. These changes can affect protein structure and function.

Mutation Factors

Outside factors like X-rays, sunlight, and chemicals can cause mutations.
Mutations can be positive or negative.
Negative mutations can result in cells with extra chromosomes or missing chromosomes, leading to various health problems.
Positive mutations introduce variety to species or allow plants to create chemical insect repellents.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of genes, proteins, and their functions through this quiz. Learn how DNA stores the instructions for protein production and the role of RNA in transferring these codes. Test your understanding of chromosome structure and the relationship between genes and traits.