Biology Chapter on Fertilization and Implantation

<p>Implantation bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form the fetal portion of the placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trophoblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The embryo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dissolves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Division into blastocyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyspermy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first day of the last menstrual period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assist in sperm entry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undergoes dramatic changes to support the embryo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First trimester (week 1–13) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Live birth before the completion of 37 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implantation of the blastocyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entry of sperm, ovum uptake, intermingling of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-term birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of sex hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It depends mainly on the stage of pregnancy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hCG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains the corpus luteum to prevent menstrual flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports maternal metabolic adaptation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is formed by tissues from both the mother and the fetus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates contraction of the uterine muscles during labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits uterine contractions, preventing premature delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of prostaglandins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the sensitivity of the uterus to its own effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of fetal growth and development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-30 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes completely covered by endometrial cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorionic tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It digests surrounding decidual cells for energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involving endovascular trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate nutrient exchange with maternal blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The embryo becomes embedded in the decidua. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for efficient nutrient and gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups of chorionic villi that aggregate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The zygote completes the second meiotic division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implant into the uterine wall. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penetrate the endometrium, allowing the blastocyst to embed itself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparation for implantation by storing glycogen and becoming richly vascularized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The morula develops into the blastocyst through a process of cellular differentiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation, providing the necessary environment for the morula to survive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The morula would be unable to implant and would be expelled during the next menstrual cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extra chromosome disrupts normal cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luteinizing hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maturation of the fetal lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating genes involved in embryogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estriol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limit contact between maternal blood and fetal blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notable increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 to 90 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides mechanical protection and cushioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DHEA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50–70 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 2-3 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is delivered alongside the placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of uterine receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To expel the fetus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorionic villi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syncytiotrophoblast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases enzymes and forms cavities within the decidua. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transforms into the chorion with two cell layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They ensure that maternal and fetal blood do not come into direct contact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leaks into pools created by the chorionic tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a transient tissue composed of tissues from both the embryo and mother. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histotrophic nutrition via uterine secretions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups of chorionic villi aggregating into structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is extremely thin, allowing exchanges to occur efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hCG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage of pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone secretion and immune response suppression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hCG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretion of hCG by the developing chorion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of hCG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where sperm penetrates the egg, leading to conception.

When a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall.

Normal pregnancy lasts 40 weeks from the last menstrual period.

Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.

Spontaneous expulsion of a fetus before survivability.

The primary reproductive organs: testes in males, ovaries in females.

The placenta produces hormones that support pregnancy.

The process of giving birth triggered by endocrine factors.

Process where the blastocyst burrows into the decidua, becoming covered by endometrial cells.

The process where the trophoblastic layer digests surrounding decidual cells to provide energy for the embryo.

The placenta functions as an endocrine organ, secreting hormones that support pregnancy.

Circulation established between maternal and fetal blood, crucial for nutrient exchange through the placenta.

The placenta is temporary, present only during pregnancy.

The trophoblastic layer that becomes two cell layers thick, involved in placenta formation.

Placental hormone secretion is not controlled by external factors, but by the pregnancy stage.

Finger-like projections of chorionic tissue extending into maternal blood pools, forming placental villi.

Important hormones from the placenta include hCG, hPL, estrogen, progesterone, and CRH.

Groups of aggregated chorionic villi within the placenta, important for nutrient absorption.

hCG is secreted by the chorion and later by the placenta, crucial for pregnancy maintenance.

Extremely thin barrier separating maternal and fetal blood, allowing for nutrient exchange.

hCG maintains the corpus luteum and increases progesterone, preventing menstruation.

The placenta is made up of trophoblastic and decidual tissue, facilitating maternal-fetal interaction.

In male fetuses, hCG stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, aiding male development.

Thyroid hormones, oxytocin, and prolactin also play vital roles during pregnancy.

The process where the sperm penetrates the ovum's membrane.

The fertilized ovum, which results from the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei.

A solid ball of 16 cells formed after several mitotic divisions of the zygote.

The stage following the morula with two layers: trophoblasts and embryoblasts.

When more than one sperm enters the egg, causing a triploid cell.

A hormone that helps prepare the uterine lining for implantation.

A protective glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte and zygote.

The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that helps with implantation.

Bloody vaginal discharge that occurs during implantation, often mistaken for menstruation.

The process that sperm undergo to gain the ability to fertilize an egg, occurring in the female reproductive tract.

The inner lining of the uterus, becomes suitable for implantation about a week after ovulation.

The modified endometrial tissue that supports the implanting embryo due to changes stimulated by the trophoblast.

The phase when the placenta is expelled after birth, lasting 15-30 mins.

Muscle contractions of the uterus that assist in childbirth.

The process where the cervix stretches and thins out.

A hormone that increases uterine responsiveness and prepares for labor.

A hormone from the hypothalamus that triggers contractions during labor.

Softening and thinning of the cervix to facilitate labor.

The start of labor triggered by hormonal and mechanical changes.

The fusion of sperm and egg nuclei creates a zygote.

The zygote undergoes the 2nd meiotic division after fertilization.

The zygote divides into a solid ball of 16 cells known as morula.

The morula develops into a blastocyst with trophoblasts and embryoblasts.

Progesterone prepares the uterine lining for implantation.

When multiple sperm enter the egg, causing lethal triploidy.

The process where the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone that prepares the infant for birth by raising cortisol and estrogen levels.

A hormone that surges indicating ovulation has occurred, crucial for conception.

A transcription factor regulating genes involved in embryogenesis, indicated in mouse embryos.

Cortisol is crucial for fetal lung maturation, preparing the infant for breathing after birth.

A hormone that increases uterine changes necessary for labor initiation.

Thyroid hormones support fetal development and maternal metabolism during pregnancy.

Cells that invade and erode endometrial tissues, aiding implantation and nutrient absorption.

Process where trophoblast cells invade maternal blood vessels, helping establish uteroplacental circulation.

Nutrient supply to the embryo from maternal blood through the placenta before placental vessels are formed.

Increase in uterine muscle size during pregnancy for labor.

Increased blood supply to the uterus during pregnancy.

Formation of receptors for progesterone and oxytocin in the uterus.

Estradiol increases by 50-fold and estriol by 1000-fold by term.

Three phases of childbirth: dilation, delivery, and placenta expulsion.

First stage of labor where the cervix opens up for delivery.

Second stage of labor, baby is delivered typically in 30-90 minutes.

Estriol is synthesized from fetal DHEA by the placenta.

A fetomaternal organ that enables nutrient and gas transfer between mother and fetus.

A cord around 50–70 cm long connecting the placenta to the fetus, with one vein and two arteries.

A fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the fetus.

The vessel in the umbilical cord that carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus.

The two vessels in the umbilical cord that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus back to the placenta.

Liquid within the amniotic sac that provides mechanical protection to the fetus.

Structures surrounding the fetus, including the amnion and chorion, that support its development.