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Which of the following is a basic component of a feedback control loop?
Which of the following is a basic component of a feedback control loop?
The contraction of the uterus during childbirth is an example of negative feedback.
The contraction of the uterus during childbirth is an example of negative feedback.
False (B)
What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms?
What is the primary function of negative feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms primarily maintain homeostasis by minimizing changes in internal conditions.
An increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature is an example of a ______ feedback mechanism.
An increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature is an example of a ______ feedback mechanism.
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Match the following components to their role in a feedback control loop:
Match the following components to their role in a feedback control loop:
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What is the primary role of water in the human body?
What is the primary role of water in the human body?
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Alkalosis can result from the loss of acidic substances through vomiting.
Alkalosis can result from the loss of acidic substances through vomiting.
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What are metabolites?
What are metabolites?
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Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid known as __________.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid known as __________.
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Match the following inorganic substances to their primary role:
Match the following inorganic substances to their primary role:
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What is the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable entity?
What is the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable entity?
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Protons are negatively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Protons are negatively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
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What is the term for atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers?
What is the term for atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers?
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A mole of a substance contains __________ of atoms, ions, or molecules.
A mole of a substance contains __________ of atoms, ions, or molecules.
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What is the mass number of an atom that has 17 protons and 18 neutrons?
What is the mass number of an atom that has 17 protons and 18 neutrons?
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What is the unique number that represents the number of protons in an atom?
What is the unique number that represents the number of protons in an atom?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the structure of an atom?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the structure of an atom?
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Which of the following proteins functions as a carrier molecule?
Which of the following proteins functions as a carrier molecule?
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All lipids are soluble in water.
All lipids are soluble in water.
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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A triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 molecule of __________.
A triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 molecule of __________.
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Match each lipid type with its function:
Match each lipid type with its function:
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What is the primary function of ATP in the body?
What is the primary function of ATP in the body?
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Fat-soluble vitamins include A, C, E, and K.
Fat-soluble vitamins include A, C, E, and K.
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Name one example of a hormone derived from lipids.
Name one example of a hormone derived from lipids.
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Which ion is released by an acid in a solution?
Which ion is released by an acid in a solution?
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Electrolytes have no electrical properties when dissolved in water.
Electrolytes have no electrical properties when dissolved in water.
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What is the pH scale range?
What is the pH scale range?
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A ___ is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions and often releases hydroxide ions.
A ___ is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions and often releases hydroxide ions.
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What happens during a neutralization reaction?
What happens during a neutralization reaction?
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Buffers are strong acids that keep the pH stable in body fluids.
Buffers are strong acids that keep the pH stable in body fluids.
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Name one important electrolyte in the body other than sodium chloride.
Name one important electrolyte in the body other than sodium chloride.
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What role do mitochondria play in cellular metabolism?
What role do mitochondria play in cellular metabolism?
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Chemical reactions do not involve any change to the reactants.
Chemical reactions do not involve any change to the reactants.
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What is the term for the energy generated from the breakdown of ATP?
What is the term for the energy generated from the breakdown of ATP?
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When bonds in a complex reactant break to form new simpler products, the reaction is called __________.
When bonds in a complex reactant break to form new simpler products, the reaction is called __________.
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Which statement is true about enzymes?
Which statement is true about enzymes?
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Anabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules to gain energy.
Anabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules to gain energy.
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What is the function of the active site on an enzyme?
What is the function of the active site on an enzyme?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1: Chemistry of the Human Body (PART 2)
- The study of atoms, molecules, and compounds is vital to understand the human body's chemistry.
- Atoms are the basic units of elements.
- Elements are pure substances with only one type of atom.
- Compounds are formed when two or more different elements combine chemically.
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
- Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object's mass.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms are mostly empty space, containing a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and orbiting electrons.
- Protons have a positive charge, electrons a negative charge, and neutrons are neutral.
- Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus; electrons orbit the nucleus.
- Electrons are represented by an electron cloud.
- The mass of an electron is negligible compared to protons and neutrons.
- Protons and neutrons carry one atomic mass unit each.
- Atomic number is the unique number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
- Atomic mass is the weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes, considering their relative abundance.
- A mole of a substance contains Avogadro's number (6.022 x 1023) of atoms, ions, or molecules.
- Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams.
Molecules and Compounds
- A molecule is two or more atoms chemically combined.
- A compound is two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.
- Molecular formulas represent the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule or compound.
- Molecular mass is determined by adding the atomic masses of its atoms.
Types of Bonds
- Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating positively (cations) and negatively (anions) charged ions that attract each other.
- Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Non-polar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons.
- Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, leading to a partial positive and partial negative charge on atoms in the molecule, making it polar.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a slightly positive charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negative charged atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in different molecules.
Molecular Mass Calculation
- The calculation is demonstrated with sodium chloride (NaCl) as an example.
- Atomic masses of constituent elements are used to determine the molecular mass.
- Adding atomic masses provides the calculated molecular mass.
Important Ions in the Body
- Various ions (e.g., calcium, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, hydroxide, chloride, bicarbonate) play crucial roles in bodily functions.
- Calcium strengthens bones & teeth and is important for blood clotting & muscle contraction.
- Sodium regulates fluid balance outside cells.
- Potassium regulates fluid balance inside cells.
- Hydrogen and hydroxide ions influence acid-base balance.
- Chloride regulates fluid balance outside cells.
- Bicarbonate is essential for acid-base balance.
- Ammonium removes toxic ammonia.
- Phosphate assists in bone formation & energy transfer.
- Iron is crucial for hemoglobin, crucial in oxygen transport.
Acids, Bases, and pH
- Acidity is measured by the number of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
- The pH scale quantitatively measures acidity or basicity.
- Neutral pH is 7; below 7 is acidic; above 7 is basic.
- The body maintains a stable pH (7.35-7.45) through buffering systems.
Buffers and pH Regulation
- Buffers help maintain a stable pH in the body.
- Lungs release carbon dioxide, regulating acidity indirectly.
- Kidneys regulate the excretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, directly regulating pH.
Common Substances in Living Systems
- Nutrients are obtained from the diet.
- Metabolites are molecules synthesized or broken down inside the body.
- Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
- Inorganic compounds do not primarily contain carbon and hydrogen.
- Important inorganic substances include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts.
- Important organic substances include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Importance of Molecules
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA):
- These are the largest molecules in the body and crucial for life functions.
- Proteins function in varied ways, like catalyzing reactions (enzymes), transporting substances, and providing structural support.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates:
- They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Two monosaccharides can combine to form a disaccharide, while many combine to form a polysaccharide.
- Glucose is the main source of energy for cells.
Amino Acids
- Amino acids:
- Building blocks of proteins.
- They have a common structure, including an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom, along with a side chain unique to each amino acid.
Lipids
- Lipids:
- They are a diverse group of substances that don't mix with water.
- Important types include fats, phospholipids, steroids, such as cholesterol which maintains membrane integrity and is needed by the body to make vitamin D, and prostaglandins.
Chemical Reactions and Metabolism
- Chemical reactions occur when atoms or molecules interact to form new chemical combinations.
- Reactants are molecules prior to a chemical reaction.
- Products are formed at the end of chemical reactions.
- Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur within the body.
Enzymes in Reactions
- Enzymes are biological catalysts.
- Their role is to speed up chemical reactions needed for life.
- Enzymes are specific for reactions they control.
- Enzymes lower the activation energy, facilitating the occurrence of reactions.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to feedback control loops and the role of water in the human body. It includes questions on negative feedback mechanisms, interactions of inorganic substances, and basic atomic structure. Test your knowledge on how these biological systems function.
