Biology Chapter on Energy and Matter

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process by which energy is released from food?

Anabolism

Cationization

Adenosine Triphosphate synthesis

CATABOLISM (correct)

According to the key principles, how is energy viewed in terms of creation and destruction?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed. (correct)

Energy can be created and destroyed through chemical reactions.

Energy is created but cannot be destroyed.

Energy is created from matter in all processes.

Which type of energy involves the breaking of bonds between chemicals?

Radiant Energy

Mechanical Energy

Chemical Energy (correct)

Electrical Energy

What occurs to energy during conversion between different forms?

Energy is lost and becomes unusable. Signup and view all the answers

What are living organisms primarily composed of?

Atoms and molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is an element defined as?

A unique substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a compound?

Oxygen gas (O2) Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic building blocks of elements?

Atoms Signup and view all the answers

How many elements have been identified as of now?

118 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about matter?

It occupies space and has mass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to absorb a significant amount of heat without a large change in temperature?

High heat capacity Signup and view all the answers

What type of ions do salts release when they dissolve in water?

Cations and anions Signup and view all the answers

How do strong acids differ from weak acids in terms of ionization in solution?

Strong acids ionize almost completely, weak acids only minimally. Signup and view all the answers

What do bases release in solution when dissolved in water?

Hydroxide ions Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge and is found in the nucleus?

Proton Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element determined by?

The number of protons it contains Signup and view all the answers

What do isotopes of an element have in common?

Same number of protons and electrons Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can the first layer of the electron cloud hold?

2 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an atom if it has 8 electrons in its valence shell?

It is considered inert Signup and view all the answers

Where are neutrons located within an atom?

In the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to an element's atomic mass?

The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about electrons is correct?

They have virtually no mass. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the chemical behavior of an atom?

The number of electrons in the valence shell Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason an atom tends to gain, lose, or share electrons?

To achieve a stable electronic configuration Signup and view all the answers

What sugar component is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about RNA is true?

RNA carries out the orders of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of DNA?

To replicate itself before cell division. Signup and view all the answers

What is the base pairing rule in DNA?

A pairs with T, G pairs with C. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ATP in the body?

It provides a chemical form of energy usable by cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter and Energy

All living organisms are composed of matter and require a continuous supply of energy to grow and function.
Energy exists in various forms: chemical, electrical, mechanical, and radiant.

Key Principles of Energy

Energy is conserved; it cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy conversion occurs but is inefficient, leading to energy loss during the process.

Chemical Energy

Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between molecules through anabolic processes and released via catabolic processes.
Food, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nerve energy are examples of how chemical energy is utilized in forms like electrical energy and heat.

Basic Building Blocks of Matter

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass (weight), existing in solid, liquid, or gas states.
Elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical means, with 118 identified and 92 found in nature (e.g., oxygen, carbon, iron).

Atomic Structure

Atoms are the smallest indivisible units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons carry a positive charge and are heavy (1 AMU), while neutrons are neutral and also heavy. Electrons carry a negative charge and have virtually no mass.

Atomic Number and Mass

The atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom (e.g., carbon has 6 protons).
The atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Isotopes and Subatomic Particles

Isotopes are variations of elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different weights.
The orbital model illustrates the arrangement of subatomic particles, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in electron clouds surrounding it.

Electron Distribution

Electrons occupy layers called shells around the nucleus, with the first layer holding a maximum of 2 electrons.
The outermost shell, known as the valence shell, determines chemical behavior; if it has 8 electrons, the atom is inert, otherwise, it will react to achieve stability.

Inorganic Compounds: Water

Water (H2O) is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body, comprising 2/3 of body weight and possessing vital functions such as high heat capacity and solvent properties.

Inorganic Compounds: Salts and Acids/Bases

Salts form through the donation or acceptance of electrons (ions).
Acids release H+ into solution (proton donors) and can be classified as strong or weak based on their ionization in water.
Bases release OH- and act as proton acceptors.

Organic Compounds: DNA and RNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is organized into a double helix, essential for replication and providing instructions for protein synthesis.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) operates primarily outside the nucleus, carrying out DNA's orders and containing varieties such as mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, storing energy in its chemical bonds, vital for life processes and cellular work.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from biology related to energy release from food, the principles of energy in creation and destruction, and the chemical bonds involved in energy transformation. Additionally, it touches on the composition of living organisms and the definition of elements. Perfect for revising key biological processes!