Biology Chapter on Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

Course Information

• Course: Physiology II
• Course code: NUR 104
• Credit hours: 2
• Lecturer: Peter Osei
• Date: 29-Aug-24

Learning Outcomes

• Describe the mechanism of muscle contraction
• State the hormonal secretions of the endocrine system
• Describe the mechanism of urine formation
• Explain the transmission of impulses in the nervous system
• Outline the physiology of the special senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell)
• Discuss the functions of the male and female reproductive system

Course Content

• Unit 1: Urinary System: Fluid and electrolyte balance; Kidney; Nephrons and functions; Formation of urine; Disorders of renal function
• Unit 2: Reproductive System: Functions of female reproductive system; Male reproductive system and function; Some problems of both female and male reproductive system
• Unit 3: Endocrine System: Hypothalamus; Pituitary glands and hormones; Thyroid gland and hormones; Adrenal gland and hormones; Pancreas and hormones
• Unit 4: Gonads (glands) and hormones: Some disorders of endocrine system
• Unit 5: Nervous System: Autonomic nerves and function; Motor and sensory nerve
• Unit 6: Special Sensory Organs: Physiology of sight; Physiology of hearing; Sensation of taste; Sensation of smell; Tactile sensation; Some clinical problems of the nervous system and special senses
• Unit 7: Musculoskeletal System: Physiology of muscle contraction; Physiology of smooth muscles; Chemistry of skeletal muscles including energy source; Some disorders of musculoskeletal system

Students' Evaluation

• Continuous assessment (40%):
  • Assignments - 20%
  • Presentation - 20%
  • Quizzes - 20%
  • Attendance - 20%
• Mid-semester examination -20%
• End of semester examination (60%)

Grading System

• A: 80-100
• B+: 75-79
• B: 70-74
• C+: 65-69
• C: 60-64
• D+: 55-59
• D: 50-54
• E: 00-49

Reading List

• Amerman, E. (2006). Exercises for the Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory. 6th ed. Englewood, CO: Morton Publishing Company
• Graff, K. Van De Graff, (1995). Concept of human anatomy & physiology. 4th ed. New York. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
• Gunstream, S.E (1992). Anatomy and physiology: a text-workbook. New York: W.M.C. Brown Publishers.
• Hall, J.E. (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of Medical physiology. 12th ed. Sounders, U.S.A.
• Martin, T. R. (1998). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology .6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Saladin, K. S. (2010). Anatomy & Physiology. The unity of form and function. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education
• Seeley, R. R; Stephens, T. D (2005). Essentials of anatomy and physiology. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
• Singh, Inderbir (2005). Anatomy and physiology for nurses. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers medical publishers.
• Starr, c. & Macmillan, B. (2010). Human Biology. 8th ed. Bookslock, Belmont, U.S.A.
• Van De Graaff, K., Morton, D., & Crawley, J. (2010). A Photographic Atlas for the Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory. 6th ed., Englewood, CO., Morton Publishing Company

Instructor and Office Hours

• Instructor: Peter Osei
• Office: Academic Block, First floor, Room 321
• Office Hours: By appointment
• Telephone: 0242519481
• Communication Email: [email protected]
• Assignment Email: [email protected]

Additional Topics (from subsequent pages)

• Detailed information on the urinary system, including organs, functions, and nephrons.
• Information on the functions of the urinary system.
• The structure of the kidney and nephrons.
• Details of the nephron anatomy.
• Details of the glomerulus.
• Detailed information on renal tubule and its functions.
• Types of nephrons.
• The processes of urine formation (filtration, reabsorption, secretion).
• Components of the urinary system.
• Details on the ureters and their functions.
• Details on the urinary bladder and its functions.
• Details on the urethra and its functions.
• Hormonal regulation of water intake/output (ADH and Aldosterone).
• The link between water and salt.
• The thirst mechanism.
• The renin-angiotensin mechanism.
• Maintaining acid-base balance in blood.
• Disorders of renal function.
• Kidney sites susceptible to renal disease.
• Categorization of renal disease.
• List of renal disorders (diabetic nephropathy, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal failure, diabetes insipidus, urinary tract infections).
• Diabetic nephropathy information.
• Kidney stone information.
• Pyelonephritis information.
• Glomerulonephritis information.
• Renal failure information.
• Diabetes insipidus information.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs) information.
• Male Reproductive System and Information
• Female Reproductive System and Information
• The role of hormones in the reproductive system.
• Information on spermatogenesis.
• Diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system (Benign prostatic hypertrophy, Epididymitis, Impotence, prostatitis, and testicular cancer).
• Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system (Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Cervicitis, Dysmenorrhea, Endometriosis, Fibrocystic breast disease, Fibroids, Ovarian cancer).
• External Genitalia (cont).
• Physiology of sight in the human eye.
• Refraction anomalies and their corrections.
• The sense of hearing and balancing.
• Anatomy of the ear (External, middle, internal ear).
• The internal ear (semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea).
• Physiology of hearing.
• Physiology of equilibrium.
• Location and structure of receptors in the maculae.
• Physiology of equilibrium (tilting of the head and movement of sensors).
• Function of the semicircular ducts.
• Equilibrium Pathway information.
• Musculoskeletal system description.
• Functions of the skeletal system (movement, support, protection and blood formation).
• Problems of the skeletal system (fractures, dislocation, sprains, arthritis, scoliosis, osteoporosis).