Biology Chapter on DNA Replication Mechanics

<p>To break the hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind to specific DNA sequences called replication origins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create copies of the genetic material for cell division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are complementary in nucleotide sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The double helix structure provides a template for creating a new strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They mark the starting points for the synthesis of new DNA strands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a complex of multiple proteins that work together to replicate DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase has a proofreading mechanism to correct errors during replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are composed of protein, not DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 nt/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5'-to-3' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The replication fork is a Y-shaped junction where DNA synthesis occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyrophosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3’ end of the growing DNA chain and the 5’-phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 220 million nucleotides per chromosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the unwound single strands of DNA from re-annealing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA helicase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove incorrectly incorporated nucleotides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the association of DNA polymerase with the DNA template (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The error is automatically corrected by a separate proofreading mechanism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It attaches the sliding clamp to the DNA template. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5'-to-3' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primase synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA polymerase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing 3' end. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It necessitates the use of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It removes any mismatched nucleotides that might be incorporated during synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 error in 10^8 nucleotides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It checks the base pairing between the incoming nucleotide and the template strand before adding it to the growing strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows the polymerase to perform both functions simultaneously, speeding up the replication process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of DNA damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing the loss of genetic information during DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sperm cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To activate the repair machinery for broken DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By attracting telomere-binding proteins that prevent degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A density gradient used to separate DNA based on its heavy and light isotopes.

A method to isolate DNA by spinning samples in a density gradient until equilibrium is reached.

The model where each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.

Specific DNA sequences where DNA replication begins.

Proteins that bind to replication origins to start DNA unwinding.

The process of duplicating genetic material before cell division.

A mechanism where nucleotides on one DNA strand pair with complementary nucleotides on the opposite strand.

Repeating DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration.

An enzyme that extends telomeres, maintaining chromosome stability during replication.

The process in which a single strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA.

A cluster of proteins that work together to perform DNA replication efficiently.

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication, using ATP.

Proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA to prevent it from re-forming a double helix.

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands in the 5’-to-3’ direction.

A protein that keeps DNA polymerase attached to the DNA template.

A protein complex that locks the sliding clamp around the DNA double helix, utilizing ATP.

The need for ATP to fuel specific enzymatic processes in DNA replication.

The direction in which DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands.

Telomeres allow replication of chromosome ends and mark true ends of chromosomes.

Proteins that bind to telomeres to protect chromosome ends and maintain length.

Telomerase prevents telomere shortening in rapidly dividing cells by extending telomeres.

Telomere length varies by cell type and decreases with age in non-dividing cells.

Cells cease dividing when telomeres disappear after many divisions.

DNA polymerase's ability to fix its own errors during replication.

The process where DNA polymerase checks and corrects errors in DNA sequences.

Involves the removal of mismatched nucleotides by DNA polymerase.

A short RNA sequence required to initiate DNA synthesis.

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers for DNA replication.

The continuously synthesized DNA strand during replication.

A Y-shaped junction where DNA synthesis occurs during replication.

A process where two replication forks move away from the origin in opposite directions.

DNA synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.

A connection formed between the 3' end of one DNA strand and the 5' phosphate of another.

The process by which DNA polymerase adds deoxyribonucleotides to a growing DNA strand.

The polymerization reaction is effectively irreversible due to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate.