Biology Chapter on DNA and Tissues

Questions and Answers

Which type of DNA is found in smaller organisms that appeared approximately 4 billion years ago?

Nuclear DNA

Hybrid DNA

Linear DNA

Circular DNA (correct)

What is one of the functions of tissues mentioned in the content?

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Protection (correct)

Translation of Genetic Material

Which type of epithelial tissue is described as having a single layer but appears thicker due to the differing heights of its nuclei?

Pseudostratified Epithelium (correct)

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Cuboidal Epithelium

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

What component is described as a macromolecule in the extracellular matrix?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements incorrectly describes cells that are generally larger in size?

They have a simpler internal organization than smaller cells. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of tissue properties, what does the term 'apical' refer to?

The outer surface of the tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the similarities between larger and smaller organisms?

Both contain DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the study of human and animal tissues?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of skeletal muscle tissue?

Facilitating movement of the skeleton under conscious control Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes cardiac muscle tissue from skeletal muscle tissue?

Cardiac muscle fibers are branched and y-shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which part of muscle fibers is responsible for enclosing them?

Sarcolemma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the control of skeletal muscle movements?

It is exclusively controlled by the central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

During the pumping of blood, which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature can be observed in the appearance of skeletal muscle tissue?

It is considered striated due to alternating light and dark bands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

Pumping blood to supply oxygen and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of muscle fibers that aids in contraction?

Myofibrils Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes smooth muscle tissue?

It aids in the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neuroglia?

To support and protect neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes neurons from neurosecretory cells?

Neurosecretory cells translate neural signals into chemical stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parts of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What role does the axon hillock play in neuronal function?

It is the origin of the axon and integrates incoming signals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the lateral plant tissue system?

It occurs in mature regions of shoots and roots. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of smooth muscle fibers?

They have complex branching. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

To make ATP energy from cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for finishing, sorting, and shipping proteins within a cell?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in synthesizing and processing proteins?

Rough ER Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is solely responsible for helping coordinate cell division?

Centrioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

To function as protein factories Signup and view all the answers

What do chloroplasts primarily accomplish in plant cells?

Make energy and sugar through photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure protects the DNA within the cell?

Nuclear membrane Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is ATP considered in a biological context?

Active energy Signup and view all the answers

How do cells make sure to replicate properly before division?

By copying their DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

To make membranes and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the M phase in the cell cycle?

Divide the nucleus and cytoplasm into daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do chromosomes coil up and the nuclear envelope disappears?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

What holds sister chromatids together during cell division?

Centromere Signup and view all the answers

What type of DNA is present in a nondividing cell?

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

Which phase involves chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inspection points in the cell cycle?

To ensure readiness for the next stage Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Anaphase of mitosis?

Chromosome copies divide and move apart Signup and view all the answers

Which description fits the term 'chromosome' during the cell cycle?

Duplicated DNA in a dividing cell Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Types

Circular DNA is typically smaller and appeared 4 billion years ago.
Linear DNA is larger and evolved around 1 billion years ago.
Both types contain DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton.

Tissue Overview

Composed of similar cells and their extracellular matrix, performing a specific function.
Histology studies tissues in humans and animals.
Extracellular matrix consists of macromolecules like carbohydrates and amino acids.

Functions of Tissues

Protection
Connection
Movement and locomotion
Transmission of signals

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Pseudostratified Epithelium has irregular nuclei but only one layer.
Transitional Epithelium features rounded cells.
Squamous Epithelium consists of flat, thin, scale-like cells and lines blood vessels and the heart.

Organelles

Mitochondria

Responsible for ATP production via cellular respiration (sugar + O2 → ATP).
Features a double membrane.

Chloroplasts

Perform photosynthesis (sunlight + CO2 → ATP & sugar).
Convert energy to sugar, vital for plant growth.

Ribosomes

Act as protein factories, synthesizing proteins from DNA instructions.
Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER has ribosomes and assists in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER produces membranes and fatty acids.

Golgi Apparatus

Finishes, sorts, labels, and ships proteins in vesicles, likened to a shipping center.

Centrioles

Assist in coordinating cell division and are present only in animal cells.

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle: Striated, conscious control; consists of fibers.
Cardiac muscle: Striated and branched, pumps blood throughout the body.
Smooth muscle: Non-striated, helps move food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Nervous Tissue

Comprises the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (peripheral nerves).
Neurons transmit electrochemical signals and have specialized structures (cell body, dendrites, axon).

Plant Tissues

Grouped into systems performing specialized functions; essential for plant organ connectivity.

Cell Cycle

Involves growth and division, regulated by DNA within the nucleus.
Chromatin refers to non-dividing, thread-like DNA; chromosomes are coiled and short in dividing cells.

Mitosis Overview

Prophase: Chromosomes coil, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align centrally, spindle fibers attach.
Anaphase: Chromosome copies separate to opposite sides of the cell.

Application of Cell Cycle

New skin cells form at the epidermis' deepest layer and migrate to the surface.
Checkpoints ensure size and nutrient sufficiency before progressing to the next cell cycle stage.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of DNA types, tissue structure, and the functions of various tissue types in this quiz. Gain insights into epithelial tissues and key organelles like mitochondria that play vital roles in cellular processes.