Biology Chapter on Digestion and Cell Structure

Energy related to the movement of matter.

The outermost ring of electrons in an atom.

Most atoms have 8 electrons in their outermost shell to be stable.

A chemical bond where electrons are transferred from one valence shell to another.

A chemical bond where electrons are shared between the valence shells of two atoms.

The membrane surrounding the cell, separating its contents from the external environment.

The control center of the cell, containing the cell's DNA.

The energy-producing structures of the cell.

The jelly-like fluid within the cell, containing various organelles.

The nucleus contains chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear envelope.

The cell membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids.

The cell membrane separates the cell contents from the external environment.

Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin are parts of the cell nucleus.

The oral cavity, also known as the mouth, is where mechanical food processing begins.

The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine, connecting to the stomach.

Secretion refers to the release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium.

The feeling of fullness experienced after eating a large meal.

The ileum is the final part of the small intestine, primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients.

The process of red blood cell production, primarily occurring in the bone marrow.

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

A protein produced in the liver that acts as a precursor to angiotensin I, a key component in regulating blood pressure.

A hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, resulting in concentrated urine.

The release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands is triggered by high plasma potassium levels and the presence of angiotensin II.

The process of urinating or voiding the bladder.

Substances that increase urine production, often used to reduce blood pressure or treat fluid retention.

Enzymes that help break down bacterial cell walls, found in various bodily fluids like tears and saliva.

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.

Cells in the testes that support and nourish developing sperm cells.

The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels, primarily arteries.

The opposition to blood flow, caused by factors like blood vessel diameter and viscosity.

The contraction phase of the heart, where chambers pump blood out.

Part of the autonomic nervous system that increases blood pressure.

The chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

A heart valve that controls blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.

The path of blood flow through the heart: starting from vena cavae, through right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta.

The movement of cells, such as white blood cells, towards a higher concentration of a chemical attractant, often released by invading pathogens.

A small blood vessel that carries blood from capillaries towards veins.

The pressure exerted by a fluid against the walls of its container, in this case, blood pressure within blood vessels.

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

The overall resistance to blood flow in the entire circulatory system.

The maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction.

The resistance to blood flow within blood vessels caused by factors like vessel diameter and blood viscosity.