Biology Chapter on Cells and Protozoans
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Questions and Answers

What is the unique structural component of algae cell walls?

  • Chitin
  • Cellulose
  • Silica (correct)
  • Peptidoglycan

    • Can some algae produce harmful effects?

  • No, they are always harmless
  • Only when they are ingested as food
  • Yes, some produce toxins harmful to humans (correct)
  • Only in freshwater environments

    • Which characteristic is shared by all protozoans?

  • Eukaryotic structure and motility (correct)
  • Photosynthetic ability
  • Rigid cell walls
  • Multicellularity

    • How are protozoans primarily classified?

    <p>Based on their movement (e.g., flagella, cilia, pseudopodia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To produce identical cells for growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of meiosis?

    <p>Four genetically unique cells with half the original chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of organelles involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the active, feeding stage in the life cycle of many protozoans?

    <p>Trophozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a biological vector in the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)?

    <p>It transfers the parasite from one host to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the life cycle of a parasite, what is the host in which sexual reproduction occurs called?

    <p>Definitive host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is an intermediate host for Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>Mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics applies to nematodes?

    <p>They are cylindrical and non-segmented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pinworms are an example of which type of helminth?

    <p>Nematode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the infestation of lice on a human host?

    <p>Pediculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle evolved from primitive cells trapped in larger cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is used for locomotion in protozoa that move using whip-like motions?

    <p>Flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protozoans is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito and causes malaria?

    <p>Plasmodium falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in a protozoan life cycle is typically dormant and resistant to harsh environmental conditions?

    <p>Cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key characteristic of eukaryotic flagella that differentiates them from prokaryotic flagella?

    <p>They have a '9+2' arrangement of microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes do fungi use for reproduction?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi is known for producing spores in a sac-like structure called an ascus?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In endosymbiosis, the mitochondria are thought to have originated from what type of organism?

    <p>Proteobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotes, the structure responsible for packaging and modifying proteins is the:

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a genotype?

    <p>The total genetic makeup of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known for discovering the double-helix structure of DNA?

    <p>Rosalind Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during replication?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the main role of DNA polymerase?

    <p>Synthesizing a new strand by adding nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA differ from DNA?

    <p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mRNA in gene expression?

    <p>It carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of translation, the start codon typically codes for which amino acid?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a cell to be transformed?

    <p>Competent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding mutagenic mutations?

    <p>They arise from exposure to external agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation leads to a premature stop codon?

    <p>Nonsense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary screening technique for detecting mutagenic chemicals?

    <p>Ames test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic primarily distinguishes viruses from bacterial organisms?

    <p>Viruses cannot reproduce independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'jumping genes' formally known as?

    <p>Transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus replication is directly influenced by the size and shape of the virus?

    <p>Host range and receptor specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should viruses be cultured for research purposes?

    <p>In living host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Algae Cell Walls

    • Silica is the unique structural component of algae cell walls.

    Algae Pathogenicity

    • Some algae produce toxins that are harmful to humans.

    Protozoan Characteristics

    • All protozoans are eukaryotic and motile.

    Protozoan Classification

    • Protozoans are classified based on their mode of movement, such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia.

    Mitosis in Eukaryotic Cells

    • Mitosis produces identical cells, crucial for growth and repair.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells with half the original chromosome number.

    Organelles involved in Protein Synthesis

    • The order of organelles involved in protein synthesis is: ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.

    Endosymbiosis Theory

    • The endosymbiosis theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

    Active Feeding Stage of Protozoans

    • The active feeding stage of many protozoans is called a trophozoite.

    Biological Vector in Malaria

    • A biological vector, such as a mosquito, transmits Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite) from one host to another.

    Host in Parasite Life Cycle

    • The host where sexual reproduction of a parasite occurs is called the definitive host.

    Intermediate Host of Malaria

    • Humans are the intermediate host for Plasmodium falciparum.

    Helminth Classification

    • Helminths (worms) are classified into three groups: Nematodes (roundworms), Cestodes (tapeworms), and Trematodes (flukes).

    Nematode Characteristics

    • Nematodes have a cylindrical, unsegmented body.

    Pinworms

    • Pinworms are an example of a nematode helminth.

    Biological Vector

    • A biological vector is a carrier organism that transmits a pathogen through its body.

    Lyme Disease Vector

    • Ticks transmit Lyme disease.

    Infestation of Lice

    • The infestation of lice on a human host is called pediculosis.

    Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Evolution

    • Eukaryotes and prokaryotes evolved independently.

    Organelle Origin from Primitive Cells

    • Mitochondria evolved from primitive cells trapped in larger cells.

    Microbiologist's Focus

    • Microbiologists study eukaryotes, including algae.

    Eukaryotic Flagella

    • Eukaryotic flagella have a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules, differentiating them from prokaryotic flagella.

    Fungi Reproduction

    • Fungi reproduce through budding and spore formation.

    Ascomycetes

    • Ascomycetes are fungi that produce spores in a sac-like structure called an ascus.

    Endosymbiosis Theory

    • The theory of endosymbiosis explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    Protein Synthesis Organelle Order

    • The order of organelles that a protein passes through in protein synthesis is: nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicle.

    Mitochondrial Origin

    • Mitochondria originated from Proteobacteria.

    Protein Packaging and Modification

    • The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins.

    Genotype

    • A genotype is the total genetic makeup of an organism.

    Discoverer of DNA Structure

    • Rosalind Franklin discovered the double-helix structure of DNA.

    Adenine Base Pairing

    • Adenine pairs with thymine in DNA.

    DNA Helicase Function

    • DNA helicase unwinds the DNA helix during replication.

    DNA Polymerase Function

    • DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides.

    Prokaryotic DNA Replication

    • Prokaryotic DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm.

    RNA vs. DNA

    • RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, and it has a ribose sugar, while DNA has a deoxyribose sugar.

    mRNA Function

    • mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.

    tRNA Function

    • tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

    Codon Function

    • A codon codes for an amino acid and signals the start or stop of translation.

    Start Codon Amino Acid

    • The start codon typically codes for methionine.

    Competent Cell

    • A cell must be competent to be transformed.

    Transduction

    • Viruses are involved in transduction.

    Jumping Genes

    • Jumping genes are formally called transposons.

    Spontaneous Mutation

    • A spontaneous mutation does not arise from exposure to chemicals or physical agents.

    Nonsense Mutation

    • A nonsense mutation results in a stop codon.

    Frameshift Mutation

    • A frameshift mutation nearly always results in a nonfunctional protein.

    Ames Test

    • The Ames test is a first-line screening technique to detect mutagenic chemicals.

    Mutations and Harmfulness

    • Mutations are not always harmful to organisms.

    Virus Characteristics

    • Viruses are ultra-microscopic and lack cellular structure.

    Viruses vs. Cellular Organisms

    • Viruses are unable to reproduce independently.

    Virus Measurement Unit

    • Nanometers are commonly used to measure viruses.

    Viral Infectious Properties

    • Host range, receptor specificity, and replication mode influence viral infectious properties.

    Virus Culture

    • Viruses are cultured in living host cells.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics related to algae and protozoans, including their cell structures, characteristics, and reproductive processes. It also delves into organelles involved in protein synthesis and the endosymbiosis theory, providing a comprehensive overview for biology students.

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