Biology Chapter on Cells and Cell Theory

<p>Infecting and taking over living cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a true nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells contain the same DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 trillion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rudolf Virchow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All structures within the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robert Hooke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing mechanical support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of light for photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elaioplast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins and carbohydrates synthesis enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating osmotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchange materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains ribosomes and DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is covered with ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By breaking off from the rough ER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of cellular activities and inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protects contents and controls substance movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein called tubulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase surface area for absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoskeleton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form spindle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage of nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage and metabolism of lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stack of flattened sacs that modifies and transports proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Break down unwanted materials using enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of ATP and energy metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By fusing with vacuoles containing pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It consists of a single structure with a uniform shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy demand of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipases, proteases, and glycosidases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea.

Organisms possessing a true nucleus enclosed within a membrane, alongside other membrane-bound organelles. Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

The central part of a eukaryotic cell, containing the genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosomes.

Small, non-living entities that can only reproduce by infecting and taking over living cells.

Small structures within cells that perform specific functions, for example, mitochondria produce energy.

The theory that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

A microscopic structure that is the basic unit of life, enclosed by a membrane and containing various organelles.

The study of cells, including their structure, function, and components.

The rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides structural support and protection. It's made of cellulose.

The thin, flexible outer boundary of a cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It's a phospholipid bilayer.

The site of protein synthesis in the cell. Ribosomes read the genetic code to make proteins.

Tiny channels connecting adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and the passage of substances.

Large, fluid-filled sacs within plant cells that store water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products. They help regulate osmotic pressure.

Double-membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some algae. They contain their own DNA and ribosomes and are responsible for photosynthesis, pigment storage, and starch synthesis.

A type of plastid responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

A type of plastid responsible for storing pigments, giving fruits and flowers their colors.

A type of plastid that stores starch, a form of energy reserve.

The primary structural component of plant cell walls, providing strength and rigidity.

A network of interconnected membranes that extends throughout the cytoplasm of a cell. It plays a vital role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification.

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create their own food (glucose) and release oxygen as a byproduct.

The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of a chloroplast where reactions like the Calvin cycle occur.

A network of interconnected membranes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, consisting of smooth ER (lacking ribosomes) and rough ER (with ribosomes attached).

The smooth ER is responsible for storing, synthesizing proteins and metabolizing lipids.

Stacks of flattened sacs called cisternae, often found near the nucleus, that are responsible for collecting, processing, and packaging proteins and other molecules.

Small, spherical sacs enclosed in a membrane that breakdown unwanted materials in the cell. They contain enzymes like lipase, protease, and carbohydrases.

Organelles responsible for generating ATP (energy) for the cell using cellular respiration. They are oval-shaped with two membranes; the inner membrane is folded to form cristae.

The process by which mitochondria produce ATP occurs within the mitochondria through the Krebs cycle.

Lysosomes merge with phagosomes (vesicles containing engulfed substances) to form a phagolysosome, which breaks down the engulfed material. This is important for the breakdown of pathogens in white blood cells.

A modified lysosome found in sperm cells that helps break down the outer layers of the egg cell during fertilization.

A semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, acting as a mechanical barrier, controlling substance movement, transporting materials, serving as a signaling site, and engaging in metabolic activities.

Microtubules are long, rigid, hollow tubes made of tubulin protein. They contribute to the cytoskeleton, along with actin filaments and intermediate filaments, providing structure and aiding movement. They are also part of the structure of centrioles.

The microtubule organizing center (MTOC) controls the assembly of microtubules from tubulin molecules.

Peroxisomes are small organelles that break down fatty acids and amino acids through oxidation. They also help detoxify harmful substances in the cell.

Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane. They increase the surface area of the membrane for absorption, such as in the gut or kidney.

A centrosome is an organelle containing two centrioles, positioned perpendicular to each other. During cell division, the centrioles form the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a flexible bilayer composed of phospholipids and proteins. The proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer and can move laterally within the membrane.

Three organelles lacking a membrane are: ribosomes, centrioles, and the cytoskeleton. Three organelles surrounded by a single membrane are: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Three organelles bounded by two membranes are: mitochondria, nucleus, and chloroplasts (in plant cells).