Biology Chapter on Cell Transport Mechanisms G.2 - 1.2

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

  • Pinocytosis requires calcium ions for vesicle formation, while phagocytosis does not.
  • Pinocytosis occurs rapidly in macrophages, while phagocytosis occurs in almost all cells.
  • Pinocytosis involves the engulfment of molecules, while phagocytosis involves the engulfment of larger particles. (correct)
  • Pinocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles, while phagocytosis involves the ingestion of small molecules.

What is the role of calcium ions in pinocytosis?

  • Calcium ions are required for the formation of the coated pits. (correct)
  • Calcium ions provide the energy for the process by breaking down ATP.
  • Calcium ions are catalysts for the breakdown of molecules within the vesicle.
  • Calcium ions stimulate the release of digestive enzymes within the vesicle.

Which of these cells is NOT known to perform phagocytosis?

  • White blood cells
  • Neutrophils
  • Tissue cells (correct)
  • Macrophages

What is the primary source of energy for pinocytosis?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the products of digestion within the vesicle released into the cytoplasm?

<p>By diffusion through the vesicle membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a lysosome in the process of pinocytosis or phagocytosis?

<p>Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down ingested materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis, and what is its role in the process described?

<p>Exocytosis is the process of releasing digested materials from the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range for pinocytotic vesicles?

<p>100-200 nanometers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP?

<p>To store energy for cellular processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthetase in the process of ATP formation?

<p>It utilizes the energy from hydrogen ions to convert ADP into ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the labile nature of the high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP?

<p>It allows for the rapid release of energy when needed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the initial removal of an electron from a hydrogen atom occur in ATP formation?

<p>Mitochondrial membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the overall process for ATP formation described in the text?

<p>Chemiosmotic mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of ATP?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product formed when ATP releases its energy?

<p>ADP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of energy stored in each high-energy phosphate bond of ATP?

<p>12,000 calories per mole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

<p>Production of ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genes in the nucleus?

<p>To regulate the production of RNA and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nucleus contribute to cell reproduction?

<p>By ensuring the equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the interphase nucleus?

<p>It is a period of intense cellular activity, including protein synthesis and DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the nuclear pores in the nucleus?

<p>They provide channels for the movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to determine the mechanisms of nuclear control by observing its appearance under the microscope?

<p>The mechanisms of nuclear control are primarily biochemical and not easily observable microscopically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

<p>They are the sites of protein synthesis within the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the chromosomes and the genes?

<p>Genes are the building blocks of chromosomes, comprising the DNA segments that code for specific traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the front tubules of a cilium crawl outward while the back tubules remain stationary?

<p>The cilium bends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central tubules in cilia?

<p>They may transmit a signal that activates the dynein arms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dynein arms in cilia movement?

<p>They release energy from ATP to power the movement of the cilium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the movement of the cilium controlled?

<p>The exact mechanism is not fully understood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of primary cilia?

<p>To detect stimuli from the surrounding environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cilia in cells that lack the two central single tubules?

<p>The cilia fail to beat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the front tubules crawl outward while the back tubules remain stationary, what would happen to the cilium?

<p>The cilium would bend. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in the movement of cilia?

<p>ATP is used to activate the dynein arms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy required for the synthesis of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, purines, and pyrimidines within cells?

<p>Breakdown of high-energy bonds in ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial biomolecule is responsible for linking amino acids together to form protein molecules?

<p>Peptide linkages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, how many ATP molecules might be required to synthesize a single protein molecule consisting of several thousand amino acids?

<p>Several thousand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for the forward movement of the cell membrane at the leading edge of a pseudopodium in ameboid movement?

<p>Exocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that initiates ameboid locomotion?

<p>Chemotaxis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is specifically mentioned as being highly proficient in ameboid movement?

<p>Sarcoma cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the process by which cancer cells like sarcomas spread from one part of the body to another?

<p>Metastasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of amebae in the study of ameboid locomotion?

<p>Amebae provide a convenient model system for studying this phenomenon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a chemotactic substance in ameboid locomotion?

<p>To guide the direction of cell movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do receptors involved in cell attachment relate to exocytotic vesicles?

<p>Exocytotic vesicles deliver receptors to the cell surface, enabling attachment to ligands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of actin in ameboid locomotion?

<p>Actin is necessary for the contraction and extension of the pseudopodium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cell ensure that the pseudopodium remains fixed in its position?

<p>By attaching receptors to ligands in the surrounding tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the movement of a cell exhibiting positive chemotaxis?

<p>The cell moves towards the area of higher concentration of the chemotactic substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ameboid locomotion, what is the primary role of endocytosis?

<p>To transport receptors from the pseudopodial end towards the cell body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the process of ameboid locomotion?

<p>Movement of cilia to propel the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of motile cilia in the human body?

<p>To transport fluids or particles across the cell surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genes

Segments of DNA that determine characteristics and protein synthesis.

Nucleus

Cell organelle that houses DNA and controls cell functions.

Mitosis

Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Ribosomes

Cell structures that synthesize proteins from RNA.

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Nucleolus

Region within the nucleus involved in ribosome production.

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Chromatin

DNA-protein complex that condenses into chromosomes during mitosis.

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Nuclear Pores

Structures in the nuclear membrane that allow transport of RNA and proteins.

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance inside the cell where organelles reside.

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ATP

A nucleotide that stores and provides energy for cellular functions.

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Adenine

One of the nitrogenous bases in ATP, it pairs with thymine in DNA.

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Ribose

A pentose sugar in ATP that connects the adenine base to the phosphate groups.

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Phosphate radicals

Three phosphate groups in ATP that store and release energy via high-energy bonds.

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High-energy bonds

The bonds connecting phosphate groups in ATP that release energy when broken.

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ATP synthetase

An enzyme that converts ADP to ATP using energy from hydrogen ions.

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Chemiosmotic mechanism

The process of ATP formation driven by the movement of ions across membranes.

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ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, formed when ATP loses a phosphate group and releases energy.

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Phagocytosis

The ingestion of large particles like bacteria or cells by specific cells.

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Pinocytosis

The process by which cells ingest small particles and fluids continuously.

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Role of ATP in Phagocytosis

ATP supplies energy necessary for phagocytosis to occur.

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Calcium ions in cell function

Calcium ions are essential for the force generation during pinching of vesicles.

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Pinocytotic vesicles size

Pinocytotic vesicles typically measure 100 to 200 nanometers in diameter.

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Lysosomes function

Lysosomes digest proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in vesicles.

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Residual body

The leftover material from digestion that is indigestible.

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Exocytosis

The process of releasing indigestible substances from the cell.

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ATPase dynein arms

Proteins that harness energy from ATP to move cilia.

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Forward stroke

Movement of cilia where the front tubules move outward.

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Backward stroke

Movement of cilia where the back remains stationary.

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Basal body

Structure that anchors cilia to the cell membrane.

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Primary cilia

Nonmotile sensory cilium on most cells that monitors the environment.

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Cell sensory signaling

Process where primary cilia coordinate chemical and mechanical signals.

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Electrochemical signal

Signal that may activate dynein arms for cilia beating.

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Cilia contraction control

Mechanism that regulates how cilia move, not fully understood yet.

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Ameboid Movement

A crawling-like movement of an entire cell such as white blood cells moving through tissues.

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Pseudopodium

A temporary protrusion of the cell membrane that aids in cell movement.

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ATP in Protein Synthesis

During protein synthesis, thousands of ATP molecules release energy to form peptide linkages.

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Peptide Linkages

The bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

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Chemotaxis

A process that initiates ameboid locomotion through the attraction of certain chemical substances.

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Metastasis

The rapid spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

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Energy Requirement

Synthesis of chemicals, like proteins, requires energy derived from ATP.

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White Blood Cells

Cells in the immune system that utilize ameboid movement to navigate tissues.

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Positive Chemotaxis

Movement of cells toward a higher concentration of a chemotactic substance.

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Negative Chemotaxis

Movement of cells away from a higher concentration of a chemotactic substance.

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Receptor Proteins

Proteins that bind to specific ligands to trigger responses in the cell.

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Actin

A protein that forms filaments and is crucial for cell movement and shape.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures on cell surfaces that can move and aid in locomotion.

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Motile Cilia

Cilia that undergo whiplike motion to move fluids or cells.

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Study Notes

The Cell and Its Functions

  • Cells are the basic building blocks of the human body
  • Cells are living structures that can survive for months or years.
  • They take in nutrients, convert them to energy and perform specialised tasks
  • Cells contain hereditary material, controlling cell functions and self-copying

Organization of the Cell

  • Basic cell structure includes nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
  • The cytoplasm is separated from surrounding fluids by a cell membrane (plasma membrane)
  • Protoplasm is the collective term for cell components
  • Protoplasm is mainly composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Water

  • Most cells (except fat cells) are composed of 70-85% water
  • Water dissolves and suspends many cellular chemicals
  • Crucial for chemical reactions within the cell

Ions

  • Essential ions: potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, and calcium
  • Regulate cellular reactions and cellular control mechanisms.

Proteins

  • Most abundant substances after water, 10-20% of cell mass
  • Two types: structural and functional
  • Structural proteins: form filaments (microtubules) for internal cell structure (cilia, nerve axons, mitotic spindles). Found outside the cell as well (collagen, elastin)
  • Functional proteins: enzyme complexes, usually mobile, linked to membranes. They catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell
  • Example: Enzymes that break down glucose and help with energy production

Lipids

  • Grouped together due to solubility in fat solvents
  • Includes phospholipids and cholesterol which make up cell membranes.
  • Essential for cell structure and barrier function
  • Triglycerides (neutral fats): major energy reserve, especially in fat cells (adipocytes)

Carbohydrates

  • Cell nutrition and glycoprotein function
  • Few carbohydrates stored in most cells, but muscle and liver cells may have higher amounts
  • Glucose is always present in fluids surrounding most cells
  • Glycogen: an insoluble glucose polymer for short-term energy storage

Cell Structure

  • Intracellular organelles: highly organized structures vital for cell function.
  • Mitochondria: the powerhouses of cell; produce majority of cellular energy by metabolizing nutrients.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: network of tubular membranes, crucial for material processing and transport
  • Golgi Apparatus: membrane bound structures, playing a role in modifying and sorting cell products.
  • Lysosomes: vesicles with digestive enzymes, for breaking down waste or foreign material
  • Peroxisomes: similar to lysosomes but contain oxidases for certain metabolic functions, like alcohol detoxification.
  • Secretory Vesicles: contain substances produced for release, often containing pre-enzymes that are activated externally to the cell

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