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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
- It generates energy for cellular processes.
- It ensures the structural integrity of the cell.
- It stores nutrients for the cell.
- It contains genetic information and controls cellular functions. (correct)
What happens when a nucleus from one species is grafted into a cell from a different species?
What happens when a nucleus from one species is grafted into a cell from a different species?
- The recipient cell thrives and starts dividing normally.
- The recipient cell can regenerate other organelles.
- The recipient cell survives temporarily but does not divide. (correct)
- The recipient cell becomes incapable of basic cellular functions.
In the observed algae, what was found to be necessary for the survival and reproduction?
In the observed algae, what was found to be necessary for the survival and reproduction?
- The rhizoid containing the nucleus. (correct)
- The cap and stalk of the algae.
- Water and sunlight for photosynthesis.
- The entire algae organism.
What conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between the nucleus and the characteristics of the cap in algae?
What conclusion can be drawn about the relationship between the nucleus and the characteristics of the cap in algae?
What happens to a cell that is enucleated?
What happens to a cell that is enucleated?
What role does the nucleus play in the characteristics of a tadpole?
What role does the nucleus play in the characteristics of a tadpole?
What technique is used to block cell division for establishing a karyotype?
What technique is used to block cell division for establishing a karyotype?
During which stage of cell division are chromosomes most effectively studied?
During which stage of cell division are chromosomes most effectively studied?
What is a key function of a karyotype?
What is a key function of a karyotype?
What was the method used to demonstrate the differences in the caps of the two Acetabularia species?
What was the method used to demonstrate the differences in the caps of the two Acetabularia species?
What is the primary component of a chromosome?
What is the primary component of a chromosome?
Which of the following statements about chromosomes is true?
Which of the following statements about chromosomes is true?
Which of the following statements about human chromosomes is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about human chromosomes is incorrect?
What was the purpose of irradiating the unfertilized eggs in Gurdon's experiment?
What was the purpose of irradiating the unfertilized eggs in Gurdon's experiment?
What distinguishes heterochromatin from euchromatin?
What distinguishes heterochromatin from euchromatin?
Which experimental step was common to both Acetabularia and Gurdon's experiment?
Which experimental step was common to both Acetabularia and Gurdon's experiment?
How many chromosomes are found in a human cell's nucleus?
How many chromosomes are found in a human cell's nucleus?
What distinguishes Acetabularia mediterranea from Acetabularia crenulata based on the experimental setup?
What distinguishes Acetabularia mediterranea from Acetabularia crenulata based on the experimental setup?
What type of organisms were primarily used for nuclear transplantation in Gurdon's experiment?
What type of organisms were primarily used for nuclear transplantation in Gurdon's experiment?
In which part of the cell are chromosomes primarily found?
In which part of the cell are chromosomes primarily found?
What characteristic of Acetabularia contributes to its ability to grow up to 8cm in size?
What characteristic of Acetabularia contributes to its ability to grow up to 8cm in size?
In the merotomy experiment performed on amoeba, what is the main focus of the procedure?
In the merotomy experiment performed on amoeba, what is the main focus of the procedure?
Which component of Acetabularia varies among different species and is crucial for identification?
Which component of Acetabularia varies among different species and is crucial for identification?
What aspect of the amoeba's nucleus regeneration is highlighted in the experiment?
What aspect of the amoeba's nucleus regeneration is highlighted in the experiment?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the Acetabularia during its growth stages?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the Acetabularia during its growth stages?
What is the purpose of grinding the onion or kiwi in the extraction process?
What is the purpose of grinding the onion or kiwi in the extraction process?
During the extraction of DNA, what is the role of salt in the procedure?
During the extraction of DNA, what is the role of salt in the procedure?
Why is alcohol added slowly along the side of the test tube during the DNA extraction?
Why is alcohol added slowly along the side of the test tube during the DNA extraction?
What results from the addition of methylene blue to the precipitated DNA?
What results from the addition of methylene blue to the precipitated DNA?
In Avery's experiments, what role did the principle of transformation serve in bacterial cells?
In Avery's experiments, what role did the principle of transformation serve in bacterial cells?
How did the extraction of liquid from bacteria contribute to understanding the DNA's role in transformation?
How did the extraction of liquid from bacteria contribute to understanding the DNA's role in transformation?
What was the main finding of the 1944 experiments conducted by Avery and his colleagues?
What was the main finding of the 1944 experiments conducted by Avery and his colleagues?
Which statement accurately represents the bacterial transformation process?
Which statement accurately represents the bacterial transformation process?
Flashcards
Significance of the Nucleus
Significance of the Nucleus
The nucleus is essential for cell synthesis, regeneration, and division.
Enucleated Cell Survival
Enucleated Cell Survival
Cells without a nucleus survive briefly and cannot regenerate or divide.
Grafting and Species Compatibility
Grafting and Species Compatibility
Transferring a nucleus only works among the same species for cell survival.
Rhizoid Function in Algae
Rhizoid Function in Algae
The rhizoid with a nucleus is vital for the survival and reproduction of algae.
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Nucleus and Genetic Information
Nucleus and Genetic Information
The nucleus holds genetic information dictating characteristics of cellular structures.
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Acetabularia Species
Acetabularia Species
Two species of green algae with different cap shapes: smooth (A.m) and crenulated (A.c).
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Cross-grafting Experiment
Cross-grafting Experiment
Transplanting nuclei between two Acetabularia species to observe effects on cap formation.
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Gurdon's Experiment
Gurdon's Experiment
A 1960 study on frog nuclei showing nuclear transfer effects using albino tadpole cells.
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Nucleus Transplantation
Nucleus Transplantation
Technique where nuclei from one cell are moved to another cell, often yielding unexpected traits.
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Xenopus
Xenopus
A genus of African frogs used in biological research, notably for nuclear transfer studies.
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DNA Extraction
DNA Extraction
Process of isolating DNA from cells through chemical treatments.
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Cell Lysis
Cell Lysis
Breaking down cell membranes to release contents, typically using salt.
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Alcohol Precipitation
Alcohol Precipitation
Adding alcohol to separate DNA from other cellular components.
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Methlyene Blue Staining
Methlyene Blue Staining
Using methylene blue to visualize DNA in a sample by color change.
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Avery's Transformation Experiment
Avery's Transformation Experiment
Research showing DNA as the transforming principle in bacteria.
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Transformed Bacteria
Transformed Bacteria
Bacteria that have taken up new genetic information from DNA.
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Bacterial Transformation
Bacterial Transformation
Process where bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment.
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Role of DNA
Role of DNA
DNA contains genetic instructions essential for life and function of cells.
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Karyotype
Karyotype
A representation of all chromosomes in a species.
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Diploid Cell
Diploid Cell
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), like humans with 46 chromosomes.
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Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosome pairs inherited from each parent, similar in size and shape.
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Sex Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
The 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine biological sex (XX or XY).
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Chromatin
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and proteins in chromosomes; exists as euchromatin and heterochromatin.
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Merotomy
Merotomy
A surgical procedure on amoeba to study cell regeneration.
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Acetabularia
Acetabularia
A species of green algae that grows up to 8cm and has a distinct stalk and cap.
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Nucleus in Acetabularia
Nucleus in Acetabularia
Located at the base of the stalk, crucial for its growth and function.
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Stages of Merotomy
Stages of Merotomy
Different phases during the merotomy process in amoeba, including nucleus removal and regeneration.
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Growth Direction of Acetabularia
Growth Direction of Acetabularia
Growth proceeds from the nucleus up the stalk to the cap.
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Tadpole Development
Tadpole Development
Tadpoles inherit characteristics from the donor's nucleus, not the egg.
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Genetic Information Location
Genetic Information Location
Genetic information determining heredity is found in the nucleus of all organisms.
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Chromosomes During Division
Chromosomes During Division
Chromosomes appear as filaments during cell division.
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Role of Colchicine
Role of Colchicine
Colchicine blocks cell division to analyze chromosomes at metaphase.
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Establishing a Karyotype
Establishing a Karyotype
Karyotype is established by analyzing chromosome structure and number.
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Analysis of Experiences
- A cell with part of its volume removed (amputated) can still maintain its functions, synthesise, and divide, implying that all its functions are typical.
- A cell without its nucleus (enucleated) will not survive, regenerate, or divide because the nucleus is vital for cellular syntheses.
- Transplanting a nucleus from one cell to another enables the recipient cell to thrive and sustain functionality, as indicated by the instance with the algae.
- The nucleus holds the genes that give rise to an organism's traits.
- The form of a head (of an algae) is determined by the type of nucleus in the rhizoid.
- When a head's rhizoid contains the nucleus, it will display the characteristics of the corresponding species.
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