Biology Chapter on Calcium Phosphate Deposition

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic distinguishes fibrocartilage from other types of cartilage?

Alignment of chondrocytes in rows (correct)

High cellular density in lacunae

Presence of a perichondrium

Absence of collagen fibers

What is the composition of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral discs?

Composed mainly of elastic fibers

Completely avascular

Rich in type I collagen fibers

Contains fluid rich in hyaluronic acid (correct)

What happens to the cells when the intercellular matrix becomes calcified?

The cells survive indefinitely.

The cells die due to a lack of nutrients. (correct)

The cells become more active.

The cells regenerate immediately.

What characterizes the transformation of cartilage into an asbestos-like consistency?

Development of closely packed, non-collagenous fibers. Signup and view all the answers

How does the blood supply reach fibrocartilage?

From surrounding tissues' blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure surrounding the nucleus pulposus called?

Annulus fibrosus Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the regeneration of cartilage when it is injured?

Perichondrium activity. Signup and view all the answers

What type of matrix is predominantly associated with fibrocartilage?

Scanty and basophilic, primarily territorial in nature Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found in the developing embryo's skeletal system?

Hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about articular hyaline cartilage is correct?

It is avascular and partly nourished by synovial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process involved in appositional (exogenous) growth of cartilage?

Formation of new cartilage layers Signup and view all the answers

Which component makes osseous tissue hard and brittle?

Hydroxyapatite crystals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

Provide cushioning Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone structure is characterized by a lattice of branching spicules?

Cancellous bone Signup and view all the answers

In typical long bones, where is bone marrow (BM) primarily located?

In the medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes compact bone compared to cancellous bone?

It appears solid and continuous Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the increase in width of cartilage through cell enlargement?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the perichondrium in cartilage growth?

It facilitates the transformation of fibroblasts into cartilage cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial appearance of bone during periosteal ossification?

Spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about endochondral ossification is true?

Destruction of cartilage is essential for bone formation. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the appearance of ossification centers in long bones?

Three centers are formed: one in the diaphysis and two in the epiphyses. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed around the middle of the shaft during endochondral ossification?

Bone collar Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between fetal perichondrium and the bone collar?

Perichondrium becomes known as fetal periosteum once bone collar forms. Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue differentiates into hemopoietic tissue during periosteal ossification?

Primitive mesenchymal tissue Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diploe' refer to in the context of ossification?

The spongy bone layer sandwiched between layers of compact bone Signup and view all the answers

What signals the establishment of a center of ossification?

Hypertrophy of chondrocytes and accumulation of glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts during the process of primary bone destruction?

Absorption of the bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is formed as a result of continued bone destruction by osteoclasts in the long bones?

Secondary medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

What initiates periosteal ossification?

Deposits of osteoblasts beneath the periosteum Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the longitudinal cavities within compact bone matrix?

Haversian canals Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Haversian systems from the interstitial lamellae?

Haversian systems are continuously destroyed by osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the periosteal bud within bone development?

To deposit concentric bony lamellae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the formation of Volkmann’s canals?

They connect Haversian canals with the surface of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily controls the growth in width of bone during periosteal ossification?

Sequential deposition of periosteal bone Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cartilage Calcification and Transformation

Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate granules deposit in intercellular substances, initially near cells and later in the matrix.
Calcification of intercellular matrix leads to cell death due to lack of nutrient diffusion.
Transformation of cartilage can result in an asbestos-like consistency with densely packed, non-collagenous fibers, causing matrix softening or cavity formation.

Regeneration and Autografts

Cartilage regeneration is slow, primarily involving the activity of perichondrium, essential for healing after injury.
Autografts containing living cells can survive if adequately nourished; homografts involve similar principles of survival.

Articular Hyaline Cartilage

Present between articulating surfaces, lacking a perichondrium where bones make contact.
Chondrocytes, larger and centrally located, form cell families within an avascular matrix that is nourished by synovial fluid and nearby blood vessels.

Fetal Hyaline Cartilage

Found throughout the fetal skeletal system, except in flat bones of the skull and face.
Initially forms the skeleton from hyaline cartilage, supported by a fetal perichondrium containing numerous blood vessels and active cell division.

Fibrocartilage Structure

Chondrocytes are dispersed singularly, in pairs, or in rows among type I collagen fibers.
Matrix is scanty, thin, and basophilic around lacunae; blood supply comes from surrounding tissues.

Intervertebral Discs Composition

Comprised mainly of fibrocartilage connecting the vertebrae, featuring a central gelatinous nucleus pulposus, a remnant of the embryonic notochord.
The annulus fibrosus surrounds the nucleus, composed of concentric collagen lamellae.
Herniation of the nucleus pulposus can cause severe pain and neurological symptoms.

Appositional Growth of Cartilage

New cartilage layers form at the periphery from the inner chondrogenetic layer of the perichondrium, leading to increased width and cell hypertrophy.

Bone and Ossification Overview

Bone is a rigid form of connective tissue made of cells, fibers, and a calcified extracellular matrix rich in hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2).
Provides internal support, protects vital organs, serves as a muscle lever system, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus, and is involved in blood formation (hematopoiesis).

Macroscopic Structure of Bones

Two forms of bone: cancellous (or spongy) bone, which has a lattice structure with marrow spaces, and compact bone, which appears solid until viewed microscopically.
Long bones, like the humerus and femur, feature a thick-walled diaphysis housing a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow.

Ossification Processes

Periosteal ossification adds layers of calcified matrix, initially forming spongy bone, which matures into compact bone.
Intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification involves replacing cartilage models with bone, critical for long bone development, primarily in the skeletal system.

Stages of Endochondral Ossification

Fetal Hyaline Cartilage Formation: Begins with a mesenchymal template shaped like future bone; active cell division in perichondrium.
Ossification Centers Appearance: In long bones, three centers typically form, including one in the shaft (diaphysis) and one in each epiphysis.
Periosteal Band Formation: Activation of osteogenic cells in perichondrium leads to bone collar formation around the shaft.

Primary Bone Destruction and Medullary Cavity Formation

Osteoclasts, which arise from periosteal or osteogenic buds, begin to absorb primary bone, forming a central medullary cavity lined with endosteum, containing hemopoietic elements.

Periosteal Ossification and Haversian System Formation

Osteoblasts deposit concentric bony tissue beneath the periosteum, leading to increased bone width while osteoclasts remodel structure.
Formation of Haversian canals and systems within compact bone, and interstitial lamellae between these structures contribute to the mature architecture of bones, facilitating blood vessel passage.

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Description

Explore the process of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate deposition in intercellular substances within biological systems. This quiz covers transformations such as asbestos-like consistency in cartilage, implications for nutrient diffusion, and cellular viability. Test your understanding of these important biochemical processes.