Biology Chapter on Bioenergetics

<p>Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions, increasing their rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP acts as an intermediate energy carrier, transferring energy from catabolic reactions to anabolic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis in plants converting light energy into chemical energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy increases with every energy transfer, leading to some energy being lost as heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for the transfer of energy through electron carriers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lyase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FADH2 (B), NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step requires energy in the form of ATP, while the second step does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an electron acceptor, oxidizing a substrate and reducing itself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs in the mitochondria and converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects catabolic and anabolic pathways, integrating energy production and biosynthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize ATP using the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy reservoir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy produced minus energy lost (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy available to do work in a system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakdown of glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reaction occurs spontaneously if ΔG is negative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ΔG = ΔH - TΔS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lower the activation energy required. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To release energy for cellular processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substrate-level phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthase activity in mitochondria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemiosmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits the enzyme by the end product. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Captures electrons and delivers them to the electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolism can be both anabolic and catabolic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ∆G= -2870kJ/mol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trans-membrane H+ gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30-32 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate ATP synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To donate electrons to the electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires the presence of an intact membrane to establish a proton gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration gradient of protons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using the energy released during electron transfer to pump protons across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dictates the direction of electron flow in the electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary energy source for the process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain, while NADPH donates electrons to anabolic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The energy available to do work in a system.

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

ATP couples energy-releasing reactions with energy-requiring processes.

Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons, key in energy generation.

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy.

A series of reactions that produce energy carriers from acetyl-CoA.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Energy transfers increase the total entropy of the Universe.

The balance between energy intake and energy expenditure in an ecosystem or organism.

Metabolic process where organisms convert nutrients into energy, producing waste.

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of the cell used for work.

Total chemical reactions within an organism, including catabolism and anabolism.

Metabolic process that uses energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules to release energy.

Energy available in a system to do work, balancing system and surroundings.

The process of changing energy from one form to another, like food to ATP.

The energy of motion; can be associated with work done by an organism.

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, released during reactions.

The portion of a system’s energy that can perform work.

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS; relates changes in enthalpy, temperature, and entropy.

A reaction that occurs if ΔG is negative, indicating a decrease in free energy.

Proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy.

Direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

Process of ATP formation through chemiosmosis and electron transport chain.

Movement of ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane.

Reflects the affinity of atoms to release or incorporate electrons and protons.

A molecule that serves as an electron currency in cells, derived from NAD+.

A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.

Molecules like ATP that store and provide energy in biological systems.

A series of proteins in the membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons.

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane used for ATP production.

A chemical reaction in which one substance is oxidized and another is reduced.

An anaerobic process that converts glucose into 2 ATP.

Cellular respiration produces approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose molecule.

NAD+ captures electrons and transfers them as NADH to the electron transport chain.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O; releases energy.

Biochemical reactions organized in pathways forming complex networks.

Trans-membrane H+ gradient acts as a 'high-energy' intermediate for ATP synthesis.

The process of converting energy from electrons to ATP during cellular respiration.

Also known as the Krebs cycle, it processes Acetyl CoA to generate NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP from breaking down glucose.

Converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA, generating NADH, and occurs before the Citric Acid Cycle.