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Questions and Answers
What is defined as the study of energy transfer in biological systems?
What is defined as the study of energy transfer in biological systems?
- Bioenergetics (correct)
- Metabolism
- Catalysis
- Thermodynamics
Which of the following best describes catabolism?
Which of the following best describes catabolism?
- Synthesis of biomolecules using energy
- Utilization of energy to perform work
- Processes that maintain cellular order
- Reactions that break down large biomolecules to release energy (correct)
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
- Spontaneous processes require external energy input
- Natural processes are maintenance of order
- Energy can be created or destroyed in a closed system
- Energy can only be converted from one type to another (correct)
Which statement correctly reflects the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Which statement correctly reflects the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the role of energy in maintaining cellular order?
What is the role of energy in maintaining cellular order?
What characterizes an endergonic reaction?
What characterizes an endergonic reaction?
How is energy captured for use in endergonic reactions?
How is energy captured for use in endergonic reactions?
What does the equilibrium constant (Keq) indicate about a reversible reaction?
What does the equilibrium constant (Keq) indicate about a reversible reaction?
What role does the net free energy change (∆G) play in reaction reversibility?
What role does the net free energy change (∆G) play in reaction reversibility?
High negative ∆G reactions typically require what for the reverse reaction?
High negative ∆G reactions typically require what for the reverse reaction?
What is the primary fuel source used by the body during moderate to high-intensity muscular effort?
What is the primary fuel source used by the body during moderate to high-intensity muscular effort?
How much energy can protein provide for cellular activity?
How much energy can protein provide for cellular activity?
Which statement accurately describes ATP hydrolysis?
Which statement accurately describes ATP hydrolysis?
What regulates metabolism in relation to ATP?
What regulates metabolism in relation to ATP?
What characterizes the ATP – PCr energy system?
What characterizes the ATP – PCr energy system?
What is the primary role of ATP in the cell?
What is the primary role of ATP in the cell?
What is the main characteristic of the Glycolytic System?
What is the main characteristic of the Glycolytic System?
What is the consequence of ATP turnover rates in a cell?
What is the consequence of ATP turnover rates in a cell?
What is the primary function of phosphocreatine (PCr) in energy metabolism?
What is the primary function of phosphocreatine (PCr) in energy metabolism?
Which of the following regulates the flow of molecules through metabolic pathways?
Which of the following regulates the flow of molecules through metabolic pathways?
What is the primary energy source utilized during the phosphagen system?
What is the primary energy source utilized during the phosphagen system?
How long does it generally take for full recovery of phosphocreatine (PCr) after exercise?
How long does it generally take for full recovery of phosphocreatine (PCr) after exercise?
What happens to the levels of ATP immediately after the start of exercise?
What happens to the levels of ATP immediately after the start of exercise?
Which enzyme is primarily involved in the reaction between phosphocreatine and ADP?
Which enzyme is primarily involved in the reaction between phosphocreatine and ADP?
What is the outcome of the CK reaction and ATP hydrolysis at the sarcomere?
What is the outcome of the CK reaction and ATP hydrolysis at the sarcomere?
What does EPOC stand for, and how is it related to ATP replenishment?
What does EPOC stand for, and how is it related to ATP replenishment?
What is the primary role of AMP in relation to enzyme activity during energy requirements?
What is the primary role of AMP in relation to enzyme activity during energy requirements?
What does a high KM value indicate about an enzyme or transporter?
What does a high KM value indicate about an enzyme or transporter?
Which glucose transporter is known for being insulin-responsive?
Which glucose transporter is known for being insulin-responsive?
Which of the following statements about Vmax is true?
Which of the following statements about Vmax is true?
Where does the adenylate kinase reaction primarily occur?
Where does the adenylate kinase reaction primarily occur?
When is the adenylate kinase reaction most likely to occur?
When is the adenylate kinase reaction most likely to occur?
Which glucose transporter exhibits very high affinity for glucose?
Which glucose transporter exhibits very high affinity for glucose?
What characterizes GLUT 2 among glucose transporters?
What characterizes GLUT 2 among glucose transporters?
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Study Notes
Bioenergetics Overview
- Study of energy transfer in biological systems, covering metabolism involving catabolism (energy-releasing reactions) and anabolism (energy-utilizing reactions).
- Cells perform reactions to maintain energy balance and facilitate biological functions.
Thermodynamics Principles
- First Law: Energy in a closed system is constant—energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Second Law: Spontaneous processes tend toward disorder (entropy) which requires energy to maintain order (endergonic reactions).
Energy Concepts
- Energy: Capacity to do work; work defined as force applied over a distance.
- Power: Rate of doing work (work/time).
- Body performance depends on energy conversion.
Glucose Metabolism
- Metabolic reactions can be exergonic (release energy) or endergonic (require energy), often coupled to fulfill energy requirements.
- High-energy electrons are stored as NADH and FADH2 for later energy use.
Reversible Reactions
- Many cellular reactions are reversible and reach equilibrium defined by the ratio of products to substrates.
- Reactions move towards equilibrium based on ΔG, where a negative ΔG indicates favoring products.
Fuel Utilization
- At rest: Body uses carbohydrates (CHO) and lipids for energy.
- During exertion: CHO becomes the primary fuel source; lipids are more important during prolonged low-intensity activities.
- Protein contributes up to 10-15% of energy and serves structural roles.
ATP: Energy Currency
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has high-energy phosphate bonds, mainly hydrolyzed to release energy (ΔG = -7.3 kcal/mol).
- ATP homeostasis is crucial for muscle contraction and cellular work, requiring regulation of ATP production and turnover.
Energy Pathways
- Three main systems to maintain ATP levels:
- ATP-PCr System: Immediate energy supply; high rate but low capacity.
- Glycolytic System: Intermediate rate and capacity; non-oxidative, supports aerobic metabolism.
- Oxidative System: Slower rate, very high ATP capacity.
Metabolism Regulation
- Flow of energy in metabolic pathways is managed by controlling enzyme concentration, producing allosteric modulators, isolating enzymes, and maintaining ATP/ADP ratios.
Phosphagen System
- Utilizes phosphocreatine (PCr) for rapid ATP production near muscle fibers.
- Phosphocreatine levels drop during activity while ATP remains stable; recovery of PCr occurs quickly post-exercise.
Adenylate Kinase Reaction
- Converts ADP into ATP and AMP, indicating increased energy demand; AMP signals enhanced glycolysis activity through enzyme activation.
Glycolysis and Lactate Production
- Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, yielding energy. Lactate accumulation can occur, especially during intense muscular activity without oxygen.
Glucose Transport
- Transporters (GLUT 1, GLUT 2, GLUT 3, GLUT 4, GLUT 5) facilitate glucose uptake, each with specific locations and affinities for glucose.
- Vmax indicates maximum reaction velocity; KM represents substrate concentration at which half Vmax is achieved, reflecting enzyme affinity.
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