Biology Chapter on Behavior and Learning

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Questions and Answers

Match the communication methods with their types:

Chemical = Signal using pheromones Auditory = Communication through vocalizations or sounds Visual = Communication through body language or displays Tactile = Communication through touch

Match the mating systems with their definitions:

Monogamous = One male mates with one female Polygynous = One male mates with many females Polyandrous = One female mates with several males Promiscuous = No fixed mating partners; multiple matings occur

Match the following terms with their meanings related to primary production:

Gross primary productivity = Total primary production from photosynthesis Net primary production (NPP) = Stored chemical energy in consumers' systems Secondary production = Conversion of organic matter into biomass Primary production = Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by autotrophs

Match the following cycles with their primary sources or focuses:

<p>Carbon cycle = Primary source of global warming Nitrogen cycle = Mostly from the atmosphere Water cycle = Focus on water movement through ecosystems Phosphorus cycle = Focus on weathering of rocks and soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts of altruism in animals with their descriptions:

<h1>Kin Selection = Behavior that lowers an individual's own fitness but enhances reproductive success of relatives Hamilton's Law = Altruism favored by natural selection depending on relatedness, benefits, and costs Eusocial Animals = Example: A queen and sterile female workers care for the young</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ecological interactions with their examples:

<p>Mutualism = Bees pollinating flowers Commensalism = Barnacles on whales Ecosystem engineers = Beavers creating dams Competition = Plants competing for sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the thermodynamic laws with their descriptions:

<p>1st Law of Thermodynamics = Energy cannot be created nor destroyed 2nd Law of Thermodynamics = Every exchange of energy increases entropy, some energy is lost as heat Law of Conservation of Mass = Matter cannot be created or destroyed Entropy = A measure of disorder in a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following population dynamics concepts with their definitions:

<p>Carrying Capacity = Maximum population size an environment can sustain Exponential Growth = Population increases rapidly without resource limitation Logistic Growth = Population growth that levels off as resources become limited Death Rate = Proportion of individuals that die in a population over a time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Behavior and Observable Responses

Behavior is the observable response of organisms to internal or external stimuli.
Innate behavior is genetically programmed and continues until complete.
Learned behaviors are adapted or improved through practice.

Learning

Habituation involves a decreased response to repeated stimuli.
Associative learning connects stimuli and responses.
- Classical conditioning forms an involuntary response to a stimulus, exemplified by Pavlov's dogs.
- Operant conditioning involves a voluntary response.
Critical periods are times when animals develop species-specific behaviors.

Communication

Organisms communicate using chemical, auditory, visual, and tactile signals.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Physical Laws

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy exchange increases entropy (some energy is lost as heat).

Group Living and Predation

Group living can reduce predation through increased vigilance, protection in numbers, and predators groups.
Increased vigilance means individuals spend less time scanning for predators.
Protection in numbers means that predation risk decreases as the group size gets bigger.

Altruism

Altruism is behavior that lowers an individual's fitness to enhance the reproductive success of relatives.
Hamilton's Law describes how selection favors altruism depending on relatedness, the benefits and the cost.
Eusocial organisms have a queen and sterile female workers who care for the young.
Haplodiploidy relates to females being more closely related to their sisters.

Mating Systems

Monogamy involves one male mating with one female.
Polygyny involves one male mating with several females.
Polyandry involves one female mating with several males.

Survivorship Curves and Population Growth

Type I survivorship curves show low juvenile loss and most deaths occur later in life.
Type II survivorship curves display relatively uniform death rates throughout life.
Type III survivorship curves show high juvenile loss followed by low loss for survivors.
Exponential growth occurs when resources are unlimited, exhibiting rapid population increases.
Logistic growth occurs when resources become limiting, resulting in a population leveling off at carrying capacity.

Ecological Pyramids

Ecological pyramids depict the energy flow through ecosystems.
Numbers, biomass, and energy levels decrease as trophic levels increase.
Decomposers return nutrients to the primary producer level.

Density Dependence

Density-dependent factors, like parasitism, predation, and competition, vary with population density.
Density-independent factors, like weather, drought, flood, and fire, are not affected by population size.

Biomass Production in Ecosystems

Primary production converts light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total primary production.
Net primary productivity (NPP) is the part of GPP that is stored as biomass.
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and compounds through ecosystems.
Examples include the phosphorus cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and the water cycle.

Hypothesis for Latitudinal Gradients

Hypotheses suggest that species diversity is higher at equatorial regions due to the sun.
Time hypothesis, area hypothesis, and productivity hypothesis provide explanations for species diversity in relation to time, area, and productivity.

Succession

Succession describes how ecological communities change over time.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed land surfaces, while secondary succession occurs where existing plant life has been cleared.

Models of Succession

Facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance describe different successional patterns.

Species Richness and Memory Helpers

Species richness balances immigration and extinction rates.
Biodiversity includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
Justification, dependence, ethical, and economic aspects support biodiversity efforts.

Diversity and Stability

Diversity-stability theory relates species diversity to ecosystem stability.
Redundancy means ecosystem function remains even when some species are eliminated or replaced.
Keystone species have a substantial role in ecosystems, and their absence can cause significant impacts.

Single Species Perspectives

Single species indicators can confirm overall ecosystem health.
Umbrella species protect many other species during conservation efforts.
Flagship species raise awareness and attract public interest for conservation.
Keystone species have a critical role in maintaining community structure and function.

Habitat and Conservation

Habitats support diverse populations of species and their conservation often requires community involvement.
Complete restoration and rehabilitation strategies aim to rebuild or partially restore ecosystems.

Endangered vs. Threatened Species

IUCN determines status based on various criteria.
Endangered species are in immediate risk of extinction.
Threatened species face potential extinction in the near future.

Captive Breeding

Captive breeding preserves endangered species by maintaining populations outside their natural habitats.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in biology related to behavior and learning. It covers innate versus learned behaviors, communication methods among organisms, and physical laws governing energy. Test your understanding of these essential topics in biology.