Biology Chapter on Antibodies and Blood

Standards for selecting tests to identify diseases early, before symptoms appear.

The likelihood that a positive test result actually indicates the presence of the disease, rather than being a false positive.

Available effective, safe, and inexpensive therapy for the disease; high disease prevalence; detectable disease before symptoms; a test with low false positives and high sensitivity.

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals without the disease as not having the disease.

Procedures that identify possible diseases before overt signs of the disease emerge in a patient.

The proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular disease.

A test result that indicates the presence of a disease when it is actually absent.

Early detection and screening of inborn errors of metabolism for treatment.

A test result that indicates the absence of a disease when it is actually present.

Diagnostic tests used to screen adults for various cancers, cardiovascular issues, and other diseases.

A test result that correctly identifies an individual with the disease.

An imaging technique used to detect breast cancers.

A test result that correctly identifies an individual without the disease as not having the disease.

A test used for screening of cervical cancer.

A test with 100% sensitivity and specificity; it correctly identifies every case of disease and correctly rules out every case of no disease.

Tests used to confirm a suspected disease through specific markers or evidence.

Likelihood a negative test rules out the disease.

Blood tests used to confirm an acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

A procedure used to see inside the colon and remove precancerous polyps.

The proportion of people with a disease who test positive.

A test to detect hidden blood in the stool, potentially indicating colon cancer.

A blood test used to screen for prostate cancer.

A test that measures bone density to detect osteoporosis, especially in women.

Measures cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides to assess coronary artery risk.

A test for detecting defects in the respiratory burst, a process that neutrophils use to kill bacteria. It's less sensitive than other methods.

Infections present at birth, often transferred from mother to child during pregnancy.

Chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited disease where neutrophils have trouble killing bacteria due to flaws in oxygen-related killing.

Maternal antibodies, passed to the newborn via the placenta, providing temporary immunity, but not immunity to infection.

Newborns start making their own IgG antibodies around 2-3 months after birth.

The process used by neutrophils to kill bacteria using oxygen and other substances.

A condition where neutrophils can't create certain antimicrobial substances because a key enzyme (MPO) is absent.

A full adult IgG count is achieved approximately between 6 to 10 years of age.

Newborns naturally synthesize both IgM and IgG after birth.

An enzyme complex involved in the respiratory burst, using NADPH to create important components for killing bacteria.

A condition where NADPH is deficient, impairing the respiratory burst and increasing susceptibility to infections.

Higher in children due to bone growth.

Higher in children for bone mineralization.

Methods used by white blood cells (like neutrophils) to kill bacteria that do not involve oxygen.

Lower, compared to adult levels, which can indicate anemia.

A substance in neutrophil granules that takes away iron needed for bacteria to grow and reproduce.

The central part of the blood counted in a complete blood count (CBC).

A protein that kills certain parasites in the body, specifically helminths, released by eosinophils.

The movement of neutrophils within the blood can be affected by activating or deactivating adhesion molecules.

Substances causing inflammation coming from blood, immune cells, local tissues, and even bacteria in allergic inflammation.

The process where RBCs aggregate in the blood vessels is related to marginal neutrophil distribution.

A rapid immune response triggered by microbial pathogens, trauma, or burns.

A prolonged inflammatory response triggered by persistent issues, like infections or autoimmune diseases.

Key cells involved in acute inflammation.

Key cells involved in chronic inflammation.

A key mediator in acute inflammation.

Key mediators in chronic inflammation.

Cell death that occurs in acute inflammation.

Fibrous tissue that develops during chronic inflammation.

The main immunoglobulin in acute inflammation.

The main immunoglobulin in chronic inflammation.

An increase in the level of multiple different antibodies in the blood, often associated with severe chronic inflammation.

An enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids.

A fatty acid precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Lipid signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid.

Lipid signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid, inducing inflammation.

Enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.

Enzyme that produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

Drugs that inhibit Phospholipase A2, reducing inflammation.

Drug that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotriene production.

Drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), reducing prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

Widening of blood vessels.

Narrowing of blood vessels.

Enhanced leakage of fluids into tissues from capillaries.

A prostaglandin that causes vasoconstriction.