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Questions and Answers
What is the main explanation for adaptation according to the content?
What is the main explanation for adaptation according to the content?
- Natural selection (correct)
- Random drift
- Inheritance of acquired characters
- All change through environmental factors
Lamarckism is fully accepted as the explanation for adaptations in living organisms.
Lamarckism is fully accepted as the explanation for adaptations in living organisms.
False (B)
What is a common example of an adaptation mentioned in the content?
What is a common example of an adaptation mentioned in the content?
Woodpecker's beak or camouflage in moths
The theory that challenged the inheritance of acquired characters is called __________.
The theory that challenged the inheritance of acquired characters is called __________.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What enzyme evolved in mammals to help produce milk?
What enzyme evolved in mammals to help produce milk?
Endosymbiosis involves unrelated species merging to form a new species.
Endosymbiosis involves unrelated species merging to form a new species.
What is the primary function of galactose transferase?
What is the primary function of galactose transferase?
Mitochondria are an example of an organelle that evolved through __________.
Mitochondria are an example of an organelle that evolved through __________.
Which of the following best describes the process of new adaptation involving unrelated parts?
Which of the following best describes the process of new adaptation involving unrelated parts?
Match the following enzymes with their functions:
Match the following enzymes with their functions:
One bacterial cell engulfed another bacterial cell resulting in a more __________ metabolism.
One bacterial cell engulfed another bacterial cell resulting in a more __________ metabolism.
Lactose is produced from sucrose in mammals.
Lactose is produced from sucrose in mammals.
What is a potential benefit of heterozygous advantage?
What is a potential benefit of heterozygous advantage?
Homozygous forms are always more advantageous than heterozygous forms.
Homozygous forms are always more advantageous than heterozygous forms.
What mutation type is required for a homozygous form to survive if it eliminates heterozygous advantage?
What mutation type is required for a homozygous form to survive if it eliminates heterozygous advantage?
The high mortality rate of homozygotes often appears to be ________.
The high mortality rate of homozygotes often appears to be ________.
Match the following constraints with their descriptions:
Match the following constraints with their descriptions:
What is a consequence of imperfect adaptation in species?
What is a consequence of imperfect adaptation in species?
Evolution can occur at the same pace as environmental changes.
Evolution can occur at the same pace as environmental changes.
Name a factor that can affect the evolutionary fortune of a species.
Name a factor that can affect the evolutionary fortune of a species.
Evolution is considered imperfect when natural selection cannot keep up with the __________ changes.
Evolution is considered imperfect when natural selection cannot keep up with the __________ changes.
Match the following extinct large mammals with their descriptions:
Match the following extinct large mammals with their descriptions:
What characteristic of some Central American plants has not adapted despite environmental changes?
What characteristic of some Central American plants has not adapted despite environmental changes?
Natural selection can adapt species perfectly to any changes in their environment.
Natural selection can adapt species perfectly to any changes in their environment.
What is an example of a fruit adaptation in flowering plants?
What is an example of a fruit adaptation in flowering plants?
The extinction of large herbivores like the mammoth and giant ground sloth left some plants with fruit still adapted for __________.
The extinction of large herbivores like the mammoth and giant ground sloth left some plants with fruit still adapted for __________.
Which factor contributes to the imperfect adaptation of species?
Which factor contributes to the imperfect adaptation of species?
What did the recurrent laryngeal nerve originally evolve from?
What did the recurrent laryngeal nerve originally evolve from?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs directly from the brain to the larynx in humans.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs directly from the brain to the larynx in humans.
What significant evolutionary feature relates to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in mammals?
What significant evolutionary feature relates to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in mammals?
In mammals, the 6th gill arch became the __________.
In mammals, the 6th gill arch became the __________.
What is a likely consequence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve's lengthy pathway?
What is a likely consequence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve's lengthy pathway?
Match the adaptations to their descriptions:
Match the adaptations to their descriptions:
The evolution of the recurrent laryngeal nerve demonstrates a perfect adaptation to current mammalian physiology.
The evolution of the recurrent laryngeal nerve demonstrates a perfect adaptation to current mammalian physiology.
Describe one trade-off associated with adaptations in organs.
Describe one trade-off associated with adaptations in organs.
Study Notes
New Adaptations
- New adaptations can arise from combining unrelated pre-existing parts, such as the production of lactose in mammals.
- Lactose synthase, an enzyme specifically evolved in mammals, catalyzes the conversion of glucose to lactose.
- Lactose synthase is a modified version of two pre-existing enzymes: galactose transferase and α-lactalbumin.
Symbiosis and Endosymbiosis
- Complete species merger via symbiosis leads to the evolution of new species with a combined physiology.
- One bacterium can engulf another, resulting in a cell with a more complex metabolism, as seen in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Adaptation in Organisms
- Living organisms are well suited for their environments, illustrated by adaptations like the woodpecker's beak and moth camouflage.
Theories of Adaptation
- Lamarckism proposed the inheritance of acquired characters, but this theory was challenged by Weismann's findings in the late 1800s.
- Darwin's natural selection is recognized as the only plausible explanation for adaptation, although other factors like random molecular drift can also contribute without leading to adaptation.
Criticism of Natural Selection
- Co-adaptations occur when species evolve together, creating interdependencies that can complicate adaptation.
- Time lags in evolution stem from gradual changes in environments, which can leave species in a state of imperfect adaptation.
- Central American plants initially adapted their fruit to large extinct herbivores, leaving them mismatched with current fauna.
Imperfect Adaptation Factors
- Genetic constraints can hinder adaptation, as seen in diseases like sickle-cell anemia, where heterozygous advantage plays a role.
- Developmental constraints arise from distinct mechanisms across organisms affecting mutation likelihoods.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
- The recurrent laryngeal nerve, stemming from fish-like ancestors, showcases imperfect adaptation; its convoluted route in mammals (e.g., humans and giraffes) is a byproduct of evolutionary history and natural selection's short-term focus.
Trade-offs in Adaptation
- Many organs are adapted for multiple functions, leading to compromises in their efficacy across different roles.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biological adaptations and symbiosis in this quiz. Delve into how new traits evolve through enzyme modification and species merging. Understand key theories of adaptation as proposed by Lamarck and Darwin.
