Biology Chapter on Adaptations and Symbiosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the main explanation for adaptation according to the content?

  • Natural selection (correct)
  • Random drift
  • Inheritance of acquired characters
  • All change through environmental factors

    • Lamarckism is fully accepted as the explanation for adaptations in living organisms.

    False

    What is a common example of an adaptation mentioned in the content?

    Woodpecker's beak or camouflage in moths

    The theory that challenged the inheritance of acquired characters is called __________.

    <p>Weismannism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Natural selection = The primary explanation for adaptation Lamarckism = Inheritance of acquired characteristics Weismann = Challenged Lamarckism Random drift = Change that does not rely on natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme evolved in mammals to help produce milk?

    <p>Lactose synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endosymbiosis involves unrelated species merging to form a new species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of galactose transferase?

    <p>It functions in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are an example of an organelle that evolved through __________.

    <p>endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of new adaptation involving unrelated parts?

    <p>Combining pre-existing parts to form a new function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their functions:

    <p>Lactose synthase = Converts glucose to lactose Galactose transferase = Functions in the Golgi apparatus α-lactalbumin = Involved in antibacterial defenses α-glucosidase = Hydrolyzes starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One bacterial cell engulfed another bacterial cell resulting in a more __________ metabolism.

    <p>complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose is produced from sucrose in mammals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of heterozygous advantage?

    <p>Selective advantage in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homozygous forms are always more advantageous than heterozygous forms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mutation type is required for a homozygous form to survive if it eliminates heterozygous advantage?

    <p>New mutation producing a resistant trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The high mortality rate of homozygotes often appears to be ________.

    <p>ineffective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following constraints with their descriptions:

    <p>Genetic constraints = Heterozygous advantage and homozygous disadvantage Developmental constraints = Influence of development mechanisms on mutations Heterozygous advantage = Selective advantage in a population Imperfect adaptation = Limitations in evolutionary adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of imperfect adaptation in species?

    <p>They lag behind optimal adaptation to their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolution can occur at the same pace as environmental changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a factor that can affect the evolutionary fortune of a species.

    <p>Species they compete or cooperate with</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolution is considered imperfect when natural selection cannot keep up with the __________ changes.

    <p>environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following extinct large mammals with their descriptions:

    <p>Giant ground sloth = Notable for its large size and herbivorous diet Gomphotheres = An ancient relative of the elephant Mammoth = Famous for its woolly fur and large tusks Giant bear = Known for being one of the largest bear species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of some Central American plants has not adapted despite environmental changes?

    <p>Fruit adaptations for large herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection can adapt species perfectly to any changes in their environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a fruit adaptation in flowering plants?

    <p>Producing fruit to attract animals as dispersal agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extinction of large herbivores like the mammoth and giant ground sloth left some plants with fruit still adapted for __________.

    <p>large herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the imperfect adaptation of species?

    <p>Rapid environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the recurrent laryngeal nerve originally evolve from?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs directly from the brain to the larynx in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant evolutionary feature relates to the recurrent laryngeal nerve in mammals?

    <p>Detour behind the modified gill arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mammals, the 6th gill arch became the __________.

    <p>ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve's lengthy pathway?

    <p>Increased signal time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the adaptations to their descriptions:

    <p>Imperfect adaptation = Adapts to multiple functions but may involve trade-offs Natural selection = Operates based on short-term modifications Evolutionary cost = Imposes a requirement for more nerve growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The evolution of the recurrent laryngeal nerve demonstrates a perfect adaptation to current mammalian physiology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one trade-off associated with adaptations in organs.

    <p>Adaptations for each function are a compromise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    New Adaptations

    • New adaptations can arise from combining unrelated pre-existing parts, such as the production of lactose in mammals.
    • Lactose synthase, an enzyme specifically evolved in mammals, catalyzes the conversion of glucose to lactose.
    • Lactose synthase is a modified version of two pre-existing enzymes: galactose transferase and α-lactalbumin.

    Symbiosis and Endosymbiosis

    • Complete species merger via symbiosis leads to the evolution of new species with a combined physiology.
    • One bacterium can engulf another, resulting in a cell with a more complex metabolism, as seen in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    Adaptation in Organisms

    • Living organisms are well suited for their environments, illustrated by adaptations like the woodpecker's beak and moth camouflage.

    Theories of Adaptation

    • Lamarckism proposed the inheritance of acquired characters, but this theory was challenged by Weismann's findings in the late 1800s.
    • Darwin's natural selection is recognized as the only plausible explanation for adaptation, although other factors like random molecular drift can also contribute without leading to adaptation.

    Criticism of Natural Selection

    • Co-adaptations occur when species evolve together, creating interdependencies that can complicate adaptation.
    • Time lags in evolution stem from gradual changes in environments, which can leave species in a state of imperfect adaptation.
    • Central American plants initially adapted their fruit to large extinct herbivores, leaving them mismatched with current fauna.

    Imperfect Adaptation Factors

    • Genetic constraints can hinder adaptation, as seen in diseases like sickle-cell anemia, where heterozygous advantage plays a role.
    • Developmental constraints arise from distinct mechanisms across organisms affecting mutation likelihoods.

    Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

    • The recurrent laryngeal nerve, stemming from fish-like ancestors, showcases imperfect adaptation; its convoluted route in mammals (e.g., humans and giraffes) is a byproduct of evolutionary history and natural selection's short-term focus.

    Trade-offs in Adaptation

    • Many organs are adapted for multiple functions, leading to compromises in their efficacy across different roles.

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    Adaptation PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of biological adaptations and symbiosis in this quiz. Delve into how new traits evolve through enzyme modification and species merging. Understand key theories of adaptation as proposed by Lamarck and Darwin.

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