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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in a synapse?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in a synapse?
Reflex actions require processing by the brain before a response occurs.
Reflex actions require processing by the brain before a response occurs.
False
What is the final stage of mitosis where the cell fully divides into two identical cells?
What is the final stage of mitosis where the cell fully divides into two identical cells?
Cytokinesis
The disease caused by the uncontrolled division of stem cells forming a mass of cells is called __________.
The disease caused by the uncontrolled division of stem cells forming a mass of cells is called __________.
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Match the following stages of mitosis with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of mitosis with their descriptions:
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What primarily causes growth in height for plants?
What primarily causes growth in height for plants?
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Stem cells are specialized cells that cannot divide.
Stem cells are specialized cells that cannot divide.
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What process allows a group of similar cells to become different from each other?
What process allows a group of similar cells to become different from each other?
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The red blood cell's lack of a nucleus provides more space for _____________, which carries oxygen.
The red blood cell's lack of a nucleus provides more space for _____________, which carries oxygen.
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What is primarily monitored using percentile charts after birth?
What is primarily monitored using percentile charts after birth?
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What is the primary function of a reflex action?
What is the primary function of a reflex action?
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Mitosis results in the formation of genetically identical cells.
Mitosis results in the formation of genetically identical cells.
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What is the main purpose of percentile charts in monitoring children's growth?
What is the main purpose of percentile charts in monitoring children's growth?
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Cell differentiation involves __________ cells becoming distinct from each other.
Cell differentiation involves __________ cells becoming distinct from each other.
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Match the following cellular processes with their descriptions:
Match the following cellular processes with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes the role of synapses in neural communication?
Which of the following best describes the role of synapses in neural communication?
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Stem cells can only be obtained from adult tissues.
Stem cells can only be obtained from adult tissues.
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What happens to red blood cells that allows them to carry more oxygen?
What happens to red blood cells that allows them to carry more oxygen?
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In plants, most cell division occurs in the _______ of roots and shoots.
In plants, most cell division occurs in the _______ of roots and shoots.
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Which stages of mitosis involve the chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell?
Which stages of mitosis involve the chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell?
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How do neurotransmitters facilitate the continuation of an impulse across a synapse?
How do neurotransmitters facilitate the continuation of an impulse across a synapse?
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In what ways do stem cells contribute to medical treatments, and where can they be sourced from?
In what ways do stem cells contribute to medical treatments, and where can they be sourced from?
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What role does the reflex arc play in reflex actions, and what components make it up?
What role does the reflex arc play in reflex actions, and what components make it up?
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What is the significance of cell elongation in plant growth, and where does it primarily occur?
What is the significance of cell elongation in plant growth, and where does it primarily occur?
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Describe the process and significance of mitosis in animal growth and repair.
Describe the process and significance of mitosis in animal growth and repair.
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What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in synapses?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in synapses?
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How do reflex actions differ from voluntary responses?
How do reflex actions differ from voluntary responses?
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What role does cell differentiation play in growth?
What role does cell differentiation play in growth?
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In plants, where does most cell division occur?
In plants, where does most cell division occur?
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What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell division in cancer?
What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell division in cancer?
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A tiny gap where two neurons meet is called a ______.
A tiny gap where two neurons meet is called a ______.
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In animals, all growth happens through ______ division.
In animals, all growth happens through ______ division.
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The process of chromosomes getting pulled apart during mitosis is called ______.
The process of chromosomes getting pulled apart during mitosis is called ______.
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Reflex actions do not require brain processing; they are described as ______.
Reflex actions do not require brain processing; they are described as ______.
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In plants, most cell division occurs at the tips of the roots and shoots, known as ______.
In plants, most cell division occurs at the tips of the roots and shoots, known as ______.
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Match the following pros and cons of extracting stem cells from adults and embryonic stem cells:
Match the following pros and cons of extracting stem cells from adults and embryonic stem cells:
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Match the following pros and cons of extracting stem cells from adults and embryonic stem cells:
Match the following pros and cons of extracting stem cells from adults and embryonic stem cells:
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____ receive impulses from receptor cells. ___ _____ pass impulses to other neurones.
____ receive impulses from receptor cells. ___ _____ pass impulses to other neurones.
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Why are the neurones connected to the brain not involved with the response of muscle effectors?
Why are the neurones connected to the brain not involved with the response of muscle effectors?
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Fill in the blanks of this reflex arc: Stimulus, ____, ____, Relay Neurone, ____, ____, Response
Fill in the blanks of this reflex arc: Stimulus, ____, ____, Relay Neurone, ____, ____, Response
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Study Notes
Synapse
- A synapse is a tiny gap between two neurons
- Impulses are transmitted chemically, not electrically, across the synapse
- Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse from one neuron
- Neurotransmitters cross the gap by diffusion
- Neurotransmitters latch onto receptors on the other neuron
- This continues the impulse
Cell that Receives a Stimulus
- A cell that receives a stimulus converts it into an electrical impulse
- Relay neurons carry impulses from receptor cells to effectors
- Action occurs due to stimulus
- One-way message, one neuron to many others
Interphase
- Interphase is when a cell is not dividing, and is getting ready for division
- Interphase = 46 chromosomes
- Chromosomes replicate to make the same number (46)
Mitosis
- Nucleus disappears, chromosomes condense and become visible
- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
- Chromosomes get pulled apart by spindle fibers
- Cell starts to split
- Cell completely splits in two identical cells, each with a new nucleus
Cytokinesis
- Cell completely splits into two identical cells, each with a nucleus
Neurotransmission Speed
- Impulses travel faster in the myelin sheath
- Synapses slow transmission
Biology of Cells and Control
- Stem cells are unspecialized cells in animals and plants
- Stem cells continue to divide via mitosis
- Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells
Growth in Animals
- Animals have growth charts to monitor size changes after birth; they measure head circumference, length, and mass
- These charts help to detect developmental problems (e.g., dwarfism)
- Children's growth is regularly monitored
- Percentile charts are used to continuously monitor a child’s growth after birth (e.g., length, mass and head circumference). These growth charts are helpful for spotting possible developmental issues.
Growth in Plants
- Plant growth is mainly due to cell elongation
- New cells are produced in the tips of plant roots and shoots (meristems)
- Even old trees continue to grow new branches
- Plants differentiate into new parts, like leaves and roots
- Plants have growth zones, where cells divide and elongate
- Growth in plants occurs from cell division and elongation
- Plants' growth is due to cell division within growth zones, mainly in root and shoot tips (meristems)
- Plants will continue to grow by adding new cells and elongating existing cells. This means they are continuously growing.
Cell Differentiation
- When a group of similar cells become different/ specialized
- Cells become specialized from each other
- Differentiation is a process
Cell Division
- Cells are produced from mitosis
- The new cells are similar to the original cells, but can change in other ways, becoming more specialized. New cells are produced in the same way as the previous cells, but the newly formed cells may change
- Cells differentiate in different ways to become specialized cells
Cell Elongation
- Elongation is when a cell gets longer; for instance, in the root tip
- Specialized cells have various features, e.g. root hair cells for water and nutrient absorption
- Root hair cells adapt to the rate of absorption (surface area), increasing its surface area to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil
Cancer Cells
- Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled division of stem cells in the body
- The continuous division of cells forms a tumor
- Continuous cell division leads to masses of cells called tumors
Stem Cells
- Early embryos contain many stem cells that can continue dividing
- Scientists are treating diseases with stem cells collected from embryonic or adult tissue such as umbilical chords
- Stem cells can also be taken from bone marrow.
- Ethical issues arise when using embryonic stem cells, but not when using adult stem cells from the same person receiving treatment.
- Stem cells are undifferentiated cells
- Stem cells can be used to treat many diseases, and are taken from different sources e.g., embryos, umbilical chords, and bone marrow for this. Different types of stem cells, for example, embryonic and adult cells raise ethical concerns.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of cells and neurons in this quiz. Test your understanding of synapses, stimulus responses, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their knowledge of cell functions and processes.
