Biology Chapter: Living vs Non-living Things
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Questions and Answers

What is one reason why visible movement alone cannot define whether something is alive?

  • Plants only grow during the daytime.
  • All living things are green.
  • Only animals show visible movement.
  • Invisible molecular movement is necessary for life. (correct)

What maintenance functions do living organisms need to perform?

  • Repair and maintain their structures. (correct)
  • Obtain energy exclusively from sunlight.
  • Remain in constant motion.
  • Grow continuously without rest.

What is a common misconception about plants regarding their indication of life?

  • Plants must grow continuously to be considered alive.
  • Plants can show signs of life through colors other than green.
  • Plants only indicate life when they are green. (correct)
  • All plants need sunlight to live.

Why is molecular movement essential for living organisms?

<p>It helps maintain organized structures and repair damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the organized structures of living organisms over time without maintenance?

<p>They break down and disorganize. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could indicate that a virus is not considered a living organism?

<p>Viruses do not exhibit molecular movement until they infect a cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Bowman’s capsule in the kidney?

<p>It collects the filtrate from blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are primarily reabsorbed in the kidney tubules?

<p>Glucose, amino acids, and salts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do living organisms acquire the energy needed for maintenance processes?

<p>From their environment and metabolic processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much initial filtrate do healthy adult kidneys process in a day?

<p>180 L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do life processes require in order to prevent damage and breakdown in living organisms?

<p>Ongoing maintenance and energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the urine after it is formed in the kidneys?

<p>It enters the ureters and then the bladder. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of an artificial kidney in patients with kidney failure?

<p>To remove nitrogenous waste through dialysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way through which plants excrete waste?

<p>Using artificial means such as dialysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the urge to urinate in humans?

<p>Expansion of the urinary bladder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which form do plants primarily store their waste products?

<p>In cellular vacuoles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of nephrons in kidneys?

<p>Packed close together with capillary clusters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?

<p>The level of excess water in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue in plants is primarily responsible for transporting water and minerals?

<p>Xylem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process in plants helps in the absorption of water from the soil?

<p>Evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of phloem in plants?

<p>Transports food from leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for water transport in the xylem during the day?

<p>Transpiration pull (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants primarily move products of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant?

<p>Translocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do companion cells play in the phloem?

<p>Facilitating food transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of transpiration in plants?

<p>Increasing root pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the plant is the osmotic pressure increased to facilitate phloem transport?

<p>Leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the separation between the right and left sides of the heart?

<p>To provide a highly efficient oxygen supply to the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of water vapor loss from plant surfaces called?

<p>Transpiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the transport system in human beings is primarily responsible for urine storage?

<p>Urinary bladder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chambers of the heart are responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body?

<p>Left atrium and left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of kidneys in human beings?

<p>Filtering waste from blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulation occurs when blood passes through the heart twice during each cycle?

<p>Double circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in the transport of substances in phloem?

<p>To create osmotic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a sphygmomanometer?

<p>To assess blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'systolic pressure' refer to?

<p>Pressure during heart contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in plants is responsible for the movement of water during transpiration?

<p>Stomata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is created in the roots of a plant to facilitate the movement of water into the root xylem?

<p>Root pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do arteries have thicker walls compared to veins?

<p>They transport blood under high pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vessels is responsible for transporting blood back to the heart?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?

<p>Clotting blood to prevent leaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the fluid known as lymph?

<p>It is similar to blood plasma but colorless (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which animal group is a three-chambered heart commonly found?

<p>Amphibians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrients reach all parts of a plant when diffusion is insufficient?

<p>Via the vascular system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of salivary amylase in the digestive process?

<p>To convert starch into simple sugars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process by which blood is oxygenated in fish?

<p>In the gills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucus produced in the stomach?

<p>To protect the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can high blood pressure lead to if left untreated?

<p>Rupture of arteries and internal bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bile aid in the digestion of fats?

<p>It emulsifies fats into smaller globules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms tissue fluid or lymph in plants?

<p>Plasma escaping through capillary walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of villi in the small intestine?

<p>To increase the surface area for absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the alimentary canal regulates the exit of food from the stomach?

<p>Sphincter muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do herbivores generally have a longer small intestine than carnivores?

<p>Their food is harder to digest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in the digestive process?

<p>They act as biological catalysts to break down food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to food in the stomach after it is mixed with digestive juices?

<p>It is mixed into a semi-liquid form called chyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

<p>To absorb water from the remaining food material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes dental caries to form on teeth?

<p>Bacteria producing acids from sugars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do peristaltic movements assist in digestion?

<p>By pushing food along the digestive tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

<p>To create an acidic environment for enzyme action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key digestive function of pancreatin?

<p>To secrete enzymes for breaking down proteins and fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the alimentary canal is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

<p>Small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the fine hairs in the nostrils play in the respiratory system?

<p>Filter dust and harmful particles from the air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveoli in the lungs?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange between air and blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of blood primarily carries oxygen in human beings?

<p>Red blood corpuscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the rings of cartilage in the throat aid in respiration?

<p>They provide structural support to keep air passages open (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of immersing the leaf in boiling water during the experiment?

<p>To prepare it for testing starch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color indicates the presence of starch on the leaf after iodine treatment?

<p>Blue-black (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of smoking on the tiny hair-like structures called cilia in the respiratory tract?

<p>They are destroyed, leading to increased infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for the opening and closing of stomatal pores?

<p>Guard cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haemoglobin in humans?

<p>To transport oxygen in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do desert plants use to manage carbon dioxide intake?

<p>Absorbing carbon dioxide at night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the internal surface area of the alveoli important?

<p>It enhances the gas exchange efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen during the breathing process in humans?

<p>It is absorbed by the blood from the alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for photosynthesis to occur in plants?

<p>Water and sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis based on the conducted experiments?

<p>Only one plant produced starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily transported in dissolved form in human blood?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structural design of the lungs facilitate respiration?

<p>They have multiple branching tubes to increase surface area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chloroplasts play in a plant cell?

<p>Conduct photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of large body size in animals regarding oxygen delivery?

<p>Diffusion pressure alone is insufficient for oxygen delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not directly affect photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What promotes the mixing of oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood in the heart?

<p>The structure of the heart's chambers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In multicellular organisms, how is food typically taken in?

<p>Through specialized digestive systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the diaphragm contribute to the breathing process?

<p>It facilitates the expansion of the chest cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to guard cells when water flows into them?

<p>They swell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of heterotrophic nutrition?

<p>Absorption of nutrients from surroundings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk factor associated with smokeless tobacco?

<p>Increased risk of heart attacks and cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of potassium hydroxide in the experiment?

<p>To absorb carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons plants close their stomata?

<p>To reduce water loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi such as bread moulds obtain nutrition?

<p>Absorbing food externally after breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the change observed in lime water indicate when air is passed through it?

<p>The presence of carbon dioxide in the air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

<p>Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria, while anaerobic occurs in the cytoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is referred to as the energy currency of the cell?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when pyruvate is broken down in the absence of oxygen?

<p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants primarily obtain carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

<p>Through stomata in leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of stomach acid?

<p>It helps break down proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change occurs in fishes to extract oxygen from water?

<p>They take in water through mouths and pass it over gills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the small intestine's structure facilitate nutrient absorption?

<p>It contains numerous villi to increase surface area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a by-product of lactic acid fermentation in muscles during strenuous activity?

<p>Lactic acid and energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the rate of breathing higher in aquatic organisms compared to terrestrial organisms?

<p>Water contains a lower concentration of dissolved oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the breakdown of ATP in cellular processes?

<p>Release of energy for cellular activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon dioxide during the day in plants?

<p>It is used in photosynthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of digestive enzymes?

<p>To catalyze the breakdown of complex molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is simple diffusion inadequate for meeting the oxygen needs of multicellular organisms?

<p>Not all cells can directly access the environment due to size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in the nutrition of heterotrophic organisms?

<p>They break down complex substances into simpler forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do autotrophs primarily use to fulfill their carbon and energy requirements?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main by-product of respiration that must be eliminated from multicellular organisms?

<p>Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do multicellular organisms transport food and oxygen to different body parts?

<p>Through a specialized transportation system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is excretion in the context of multicellular life processes?

<p>The removal of waste by-products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials do autotrophs use in photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon dioxide and sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do multicellular organisms need specialized tissues for transport?

<p>Their size prevents all cells from direct contact with the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do autotrophs store excess energy as?

<p>Starch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be broken down for heterotrophic organisms to use food effectively?

<p>Complex substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential process for maintaining life?

<p>Respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the respiration process in regards to food and oxygen?

<p>Energy is released by breaking down food using oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of organisms acquire their energy directly from inorganic sources?

<p>Autotrophs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must happen to the carbon and oxygen used in cellular processes?

<p>They are transformed into energy and waste products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Life Processes

The processes that maintain the organization and structure of living organisms, preventing breakdown and damage.

Breakdown of Order

The tendency for structures in living organisms to become disordered and break down over time due to environmental influences.

Molecular Movement

Movement of molecules within living organisms, essential for maintaining their structure and function.

Repair and Maintenance

The ability of living organisms to repair and maintain their structures, preventing breakdown and decay.

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Energy for Life Processes

Energy is required for life processes to occur, as it fuels the repair and maintenance of living organisms.

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Continuous Life Processes

Life processes occur even when organisms are not actively doing anything, such as sleeping or resting.

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Why Viruses are not considered truly alive

Viruses are not considered truly alive because they lack the molecular movement needed for independent maintenance and repair.

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Visible Movement is not enough to define life

The visible movement of organisms, such as growth or locomotion, is not sufficient to define life, as molecular movement is crucial for life.

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Nutrition

The process by which organisms take in energy from outside sources (like food) and convert it into a usable form.

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Respiration

The process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and using it to break down food for energy.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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Excretion

The process of eliminating waste products from the body.

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Transportation system

A transport system for moving food, oxygen, and waste products around the body of a multicellular organism.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain their food by consuming other organisms.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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Starch

A complex carbohydrate used by plants to store energy.

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Glycogen

A complex carbohydrate used by animals to store energy.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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Digestion

The breakdown of complex food molecules into simpler molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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Chlorophyll

A substance found in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

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Glucose

A complex carbohydrate that is the primary source of energy for living organisms.

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Homeostasis

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

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Stomata

Tiny pores on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out) during photosynthesis.

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Guard cells

Specialized cells surrounding stomata that regulate their opening and closing.

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External digestion

The process of breaking down food outside the body and then absorbing the nutrients.

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Internal digestion

The process of taking in whole food material and breaking it down inside the body.

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Parasitism

A method of obtaining nutrients by living off another organism without killing it.

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Pseudopodia

Temporary finger-like projections that Amoeba uses to engulf food particles.

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Food vacuole

A membrane-bound sac in Amoeba where food is broken down.

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Cilia

Hair-like structures that cover Paramoecium's surface and help move food towards a specific spot for ingestion.

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Absorption

The process of taking in nutrients from the surroundings.

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Adaptation

The ability of an organism to adapt to its environment.

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Autotrophic nutrition

A type of nutrition where organisms make their own food from simple inorganic substances, like sunlight and carbon dioxide.

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Heterotrophic nutrition

A type of nutrition where organisms obtain food from other living organisms or their remains.

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Carbon dioxide

The raw material for photosynthesis, absorbed from the air through tiny openings called stomata on leaves.

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Water

The raw material for photosynthesis, absorbed from the soil through roots.

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Digestive enzymes

A substance that speeds up chemical reactions in the body, breaking down food into simpler substances.

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Stomach acid

A strong acid present in the stomach that helps in digestion by breaking down food, especially proteins.

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Small intestine

The part of the digestive system where most nutrient absorption occurs.

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Cellular respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy for life functions.

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ATP

The energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes.

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Aerobic respiration

A process of energy release in the presence of oxygen, yielding more energy than anaerobic respiration.

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Anaerobic respiration

A process of energy release in the absence of oxygen, yielding less energy than aerobic respiration.

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Lactic acid

A waste product produced during anaerobic respiration, causing muscle cramps during intense activity.

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What is the alimentary canal?

The alimentary canal is a long, continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus. It is responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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What is the structure of the alimentary canal?

The alimentary canal is divided into different parts, each specialized for a specific function in the digestive process.

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What is digestion?

The process of converting food into simpler substances that the body can absorb and use is called digestion. It involves mechanical breakdown of food by teeth and chemical breakdown by enzymes.

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What is the role of saliva in digestion?

Saliva moistens the food, making it easier to swallow. It also contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that begins the breakdown of starches into simple sugars.

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What are peristaltic movements?

Peristaltic movements are rhythmic contractions of the muscles lining the alimentary canal. These contractions push the food forward along the digestive tract.

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What is the stomach's role in digestion?

The stomach is a muscular organ that expands to hold food. It mixes the food with gastric juices, which contain hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus. These juices break down proteins and create an acidic environment.

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What are the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps create an acidic environment for pepsin to work effectively. It also kills bacteria in food. The mucus layer protects the stomach lining from being damaged by the acid.

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What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?

The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal. It receives secretions from the liver and pancreas to complete the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

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What is the function of bile in digestion?

Bile, produced by the liver, is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine. It helps emulsify fats, breaking them into smaller droplets for easier digestion by enzymes.

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What does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes like trypsin (digests proteins) and lipase (breaks down fats). It also releases bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach.

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What are villi, and what is their function?

The inner lining of the small intestine contains villi, which are finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream.

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What happens in the large intestine?

The large intestine absorbs water from the undigested food. The remaining waste material is then expelled from the body via the anus, regulated by the anal sphincter.

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What is dental caries?

Dental caries, or tooth decay, is caused by bacteria in the mouth converting sugars into acids. These acids damage the enamel and dentine, leading to cavities.

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What is dental plaque?

Dental plaque, a sticky film on teeth, is formed by bacteria and food particles. It traps acids, preventing saliva from neutralizing them and causing tooth decay.

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How to prevent dental caries?

Regular brushing after meals removes plaque before bacteria can produce acids that erode enamel and cause cavities.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaves.

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Heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, separating oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood.

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Hemoglobin

The red pigment in blood that carries oxygen to cells and transports carbon dioxide away.

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Blood Vessels

The network of tubes that carry blood throughout the body.

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Plasma

The fluid part of blood that carries dissolved nutrients, waste products, and other substances.

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Residual Volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal breath out.

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Respiratory Pigment

A substance that binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to the cells.

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Lung Capacity

The ability of the lungs to expand and contract, drawing air in and pushing air out.

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Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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Gas Exchange

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood.

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Tobacco

A substance that can damage the respiratory system and lead to various health problems.

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Lung Cancer

A disease that affects the lungs and can be caused by smoking or other factors.

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What is a nephron?

The basic filtration unit in the kidneys, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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What is Bowman's capsule?

A cup-shaped structure in the nephron that collects the initial filtrate from the blood.

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What is reabsorption in the kidneys?

The process of selectively reabsorbing useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, and water back into the bloodstream from the filtrate.

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What is the ureter?

A long tube in the kidney that connects the nephron to the urinary bladder and carries urine.

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What is the urinary bladder?

A muscular organ that stores urine before it is excreted from the body.

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What is the urethra?

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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What is hemodialysis?

The removal of nitrogenous waste products from the blood by an artificial device due to kidney failure.

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What is an artificial kidney?

A device used to remove waste products from the blood in people with kidney failure.

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How do plants excrete waste?

The process plants use to get rid of waste products, which can include releasing oxygen, transpiration (releasing water), shedding leaves or parts, storing waste in vacuoles, and releasing waste into the soil.

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What is transpiration?

The process of releasing excess water from plants through their leaves.

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Transport System

A system of organs and tissues that transport substances throughout the body.

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Xylem

A specialized tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

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Water Transport in Plants

The process of water moving up from the roots to the leaves in plants.

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Phloem

A specialized tissue in plants that transports sugars produced during photosynthesis to different parts of the plant.

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Translocation

The process of transporting sugars produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant.

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Transpiration

The loss of water vapor from the leaves of plants.

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Root Pressure

The pressure created by water moving up the xylem in plants.

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Transpiration Pull

The force that pulls water up the xylem in plants, caused by evaporation of water from leaves.

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Urine Production

The process of filtering waste products from the blood to produce urine.

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Kidneys

A pair of organs that filter waste products from the blood and produce urine.

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Ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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Urinary Bladder

A sac that stores urine before it is eliminated.

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Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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What does the left ventricle pump?

Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle, the lower chamber on the left side, to the rest of the body.

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What is the role of the right atrium and ventricle?

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and transfers it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria?

The thicker muscular walls of the ventricles are necessary to pump blood with sufficient force to the body and lungs.

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What is the role of valves in the heart?

Valves ensure that blood flows only in one direction and prevents backflow when the atria or ventricles contract.

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Why is the separation of the heart important?

The separation of the heart into right and left sides prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing, ensuring efficient oxygen delivery to the body.

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What is the advantage of a four-chambered heart in birds and mammals?

Animals with high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, have a four-chambered heart to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate, enabling efficient oxygen delivery.

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Why do amphibians and reptiles have three-chambered hearts?

Amphibians and reptiles have three-chambered hearts, allowing some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, as their energy needs are less demanding.

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How does blood flow in fish?

Fishes have two-chambered hearts, where blood is pumped to the gills for oxygenation before being distributed to the body. This is a single circulation system.

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What is double circulation?

Blood passes through the heart twice during a complete cycle in vertebrates with three or four chambers, called double circulation. This ensures efficient oxygen delivery to the body.

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What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

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What are systolic and diastolic pressures?

Systolic pressure is the pressure in the artery during ventricular contraction (systole), while diastolic pressure is the pressure during ventricular relaxation (diastole).

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What are the functions of arteries and veins?

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's organs, while veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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What are capillaries and what is their role?

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow for the exchange of materials between blood and surrounding tissues.

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What are platelets and what is their function?

Platelets are cell fragments that circulate in the blood and help to form blood clots, sealing leaks and preventing blood loss.

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What is lymph and what does it do?

Lymph is a fluid that drains excess fluid from tissues and carries digested fats from the intestines back to the blood.

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Study Notes

Distinguishing Living from Non-living Things

  • Visible movement, such as growth or other actions, is often associated with life
  • Molecular movement is essential to life, critical for maintaining ordered structures in living beings
  • Viruses exhibit no molecular movement until infecting a cell, leading to debate about their status as living things

Life Processes: Maintenance Functions

  • Living organisms constantly perform maintenance processes even when inactive, requiring external energy
  • These processes are termed 'life processes' and involve obtaining, transforming, and using energy from external food sources
  • Energy transfer from food to the body's internal environment is crucial
  • Growth necessitates additional raw materials
  • Most foods on Earth are carbon-based

Nutrition: Acquiring Energy

  • Organisms obtain energy and building materials from external sources (food)
  • Autotrophs (plants) use inorganic sources (COâ‚‚ and water) and sunlight for photosynthesis
  • Heterotrophs (animals) rely on complex substances from other organisms, needing to be broken down to simpler molecules using enzymes
  • Different organisms have diverse nutritional strategies depending on food complexity and availability

Autotrophic Nutrition (Photosynthesis)

  • Plants utilize photosynthesis to convert inorganic materials into usable energy
  • Photosynthesis converts COâ‚‚ and water into carbohydrates with sunlight and chlorophyll
  • Excess carbohydrates are stored as starch, an energy reserve
  • Photosynthesis occurs via light energy absorption, conversion to chemical energy, and water splitting
  • Chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts, is crucial for photosynthesis
  • Stomata allow gas exchange, with guard cells regulating opening and closure to balance water loss and COâ‚‚ uptake

Heterotrophic Nutrition

  • Heterotrophs obtain nutrition from complex substances
  • Some break down food materials outside the body then absorb it (e.g., fungi)
  • Others internalize and break down the food inside their bodies
  • Parasites obtain nourishment from other organisms without directly harming them (e.g., some plants, insects)
  • Different organisms have specialized digestive systems based on their food sources

Human Nutrition

  • Food travels through a long tube called the alimentary canal with specialized sections for digestion
  • Teeth grind food, and saliva moistens it and contains enzymes (amylase) to break down starch
  • Peristalsis moves food through the digestive system by muscular contractions
  • Stomach mixes food with digestive juices including acid, pepsin, and mucus
  • Small intestine digests carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and absorbs nutrients through its villi
  • Large intestine absorbs water and excretes undigested waste
  • Dental caries is a bacterial infection caused by acids produced from sugar on teeth

Respiration: Energy Production

  • Organisms use various methods to break down food for the energy needed to carry out life processes
  • Glucose breakdown is the initial stage in respiration
  • Aerobic respiration (uses oxygen) breaks down glucose fully to COâ‚‚ and water
  • Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen) creates different products (e.g., ethanol and COâ‚‚ in yeast, lactic acid in muscles)
  • ATP is the 'energy currency' generated during respiration and fuels bodily processes

Gas Exchange (Respiration)

  • Plants exchange gases for photosynthesis and respiration through stomata (external surfaces are also involved)
  • Plants regulate stomata opening to balance gas exchange and water loss
  • Different organisms have specialized respiration organs (e.g., gills in fish, lungs in humans)
    • Lungs in humans include alveoli for maximal gas exchange and a complex system to bring oxygen into the body and remove COâ‚‚

Transport in Humans

  • Blood transports food, oxygen, and wastes in plasma, with red blood cells carrying oxygen
  • The heart pumps blood through a network of vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • The heart's structure, with separate chambers for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, is efficient for high-energy needs of animals like mammals
  • Platelets clot blood to minimize loss from injuries
  • Lymph fluid facilitates draining waste, fluids, and fats

Transport in Plants

  • Plants utilize xylem for transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves
  • Evaporation (transpiration) creates a suction force to pull water upwards
  • Phloem transports sugars and other nutrients from leaves to other storage organs, based on the plant's needs

Excretion

  • Organisms eliminate metabolic wastes (e.g., nitrogenous compounds, CO2)
  • Single-celled organisms excrete waste via diffusion
  • Multicellular organisms have specialized organs such as kidneys responsible for filtering blood and creating urine, which is later excreted

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Explore the fundamental distinctions between living and non-living things, focusing on key concepts such as visible movement, molecular activity, and the characteristics that define life. Understand the essential life processes and how organisms acquire energy through nutrition. Dive into the debate regarding the status of viruses as living entities.

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