Biology Chapter: Enzymes, Cardiovascular, and Urinary Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of heart valves?

  • Filtering blood
  • Pumping blood
  • Maintaining unidirectional blood flow (correct)
  • Increasing blood pressure

The nephron only has two stages of function: filtration and excretion.

False (B)

Name the four stages of nephron function.

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

The regions of the kidney include the __________, medulla, pyramid, nephrons, renal vein, and ureters.

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ADH impact?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diuretics cause an increase in blood volume.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the concentrations of glucose, urea, and protein in the nephron?

<p>They fluctuate during filtration and reabsorption processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does uncertainty in resolution result in?

<p>Random error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the renal structures with their functions:

<p>Cortex = Outer layer containing filtering units Medulla = Contains renal pyramids and tubules Nephrons = Functional unit of the kidney Ureters = Transport urine to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systematic error is caused by uncertainty in resolution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of error does uncertainty in calibration introduce?

<p>Systematic error</p> Signup and view all the answers

Uncertainty in resolution leads to _____ error.

<p>random</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of uncertainty with their respective errors:

<p>Uncertainty in resolution = Random error Uncertainty in calibration = Systematic error</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does uncertainty in calibration affect measurements?

<p>Decreases reliability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Random error affects the accuracy of measurements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary categories of biotic and abiotic factors in marine environments?

<p>Biotic and abiotic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does random error primarily influence in measurements?

<p>Precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marine angiosperms, such as seagrass, are classified differently from marine algae.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of vertical zonation in marine environments?

<p>It categorizes different marine habitats based on tidal impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ of water through transpiration is a key process in marine ecosystems.

<p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following marine categories with their descriptions:

<p>Supralittoral = Above high tide line Littoral = Intertidal zone Sub-littoral = Below low tide line Transpiration = Process of water movement through plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the impact of tides on marine habitats?

<p>Vertical zonation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of water through diffusion plays no role in marine ecosystems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two major factors categorized in marine environments.

<p>Biotic factors and abiotic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor affects the repeatability of a method?

<p>Method issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Larger sample sizes increase the reliability of a study.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method to improve reliability in research?

<p>Increase sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Uncertainty in repeatability can lead to issues with the method's _____.

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their effects on research reliability:

<p>Sample size = Affects reliability positively Method issues = Affects validity negatively Graphing data rules = Improve interpretation Repeatability = Correlates with validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term denotes the problems that can affect the validity of a research method?

<p>Method issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Graphing data has no impact on the reliability of research results.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does method issues have on research?

<p>It affects validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym SHE stand for in this context?

<p>Not defined in the content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A claim is defined as stating a SHE concept or key article idea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of evidence in the context of SHE?

<p>To use two clear data points to support claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _____ is made to state the SHE concept or its impact.

<p>claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following SHE components with their descriptions:

<p>Claim = State a SHE concept or key idea Evidence = Use two clear data points Conclusion = Summarize based on uncertainty Concept = Underlying principle of SHE</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a component of SHE?

<p>Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SHE concepts are only relevant to scientific discussions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of uncertainty in conclusions related to SHE?

<p>Conclusions are made based on uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of justification in a scientific context?

<p>To link to scientific methods and positive applications for humanity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive applications of scientific methods are irrelevant to humanity's progress.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ongoing activity is essential for validating scientific concepts?

<p>monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Justification in science emphasizes the connection to the __________ method.

<p>scientific</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientific terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Justification = Link to scientific method and positive applications Ongoing monitoring = Continuous evaluation of scientific claims Innovation = Creation of new ideas and methods Positive application = Benefits resulting from scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of ongoing monitoring in scientific research?

<p>Eliminates the need for further research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innovation opportunities arise from scientific research and continuous monitoring.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one factor that links justification to positive applications.

<p>scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heart Valves

Ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart.

Nephron Function

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of waste.

Kidney Anatomy

Composed of cortex, medulla, pyramids, nephrons, renal artery/vein, and ureters.

Blood Components in Urine

Changes in glucose, urea, and protein concentration in nephron indicate function.

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ADH Impact

ADH has effects on blood and kidney, influencing blood volume.

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Diuretics

Substances increasing urine output, affecting blood volume.

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Filtration

First step in urine formation; separates waste and excess from blood.

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Reabsorption

Reclaiming useful substances from the filtrate back to blood.

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Marine Biotic Factors

Living organisms that affect the marine environment.

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Marine Abiotic Factors

Non-living factors that affect the marine environment.

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Vertical Zonation (Marine)

Different ecological zones in marine environments based on depth and distance from the shore.

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Marine Algae vs. Seagrasses

Comparison of different types of marine plants (seaweed and seagrasses).

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Water Movement (Transpiration)

Water movement through transpiration in streams and via diffusion.

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Water Movement (Diffusion)

Water moving from one area to another due to differences in concentration.

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Heart Rate

Measurement of the rate at which the heart beats per minute.

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Urine Volume

Amount of urine produced by the body.

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Uncertainty in Resolution

Random errors in measurement that affect the precision and reliability of results.

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Uncertainty in Calibration

Systematic errors in measurement that affect the accuracy of results.

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Random Error

Fluctuations in measurements due to uncontrollable factors, leading to variability in results.

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Systematic Error

A consistent bias in measurements that affects all results in the same direction.

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Precision

The degree of closeness or repeatability of measurements.

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Accuracy

How close a measurement is to the true value.

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Reliability

The consistency of repeated measurements.

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Uncertainty

A measure of how much doubt exists about the accuracy or precision of a measurement.

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SHE Model

A framework used for analyzing and answering questions about scientific, historical, or ethical issues. It helps to identify and evaluate evidence, claims, and reasoning.

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SHE Claim

A statement that expresses a specific idea or concept related to the SHE model. It should be clear, concise, and supported by evidence.

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SHE Evidence

Data or information that supports the SHE claim. It should be relevant, credible, and specific.

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SHE Reasoning

The logical connection between the SHE claim and evidence. It explains how the evidence supports the claim.

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SHE Uncertainty

Recognizing that there may be gaps in knowledge or limitations to the evidence, suggesting areas for further exploration.

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SHE Human Impact

Considering the potential consequences of scientific, historical, or ethical issues on humans and their environment.

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SHE Key Article

A crucial resource that directly relates to the SHE concept being discussed.

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SHE Paraphrase

Restating a key article idea or SHE concept in your own words to demonstrate understanding.

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SHE Concept

A framework emphasizing the importance of scientific evidence, justification, and application for the benefit of humanity. It involves continuous monitoring, innovation, and seeking opportunities to improve human lives.

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Justification in SHE

Justifying a concept or approach within the SHE framework involves linking it to scientific methods, showcasing its positive applications for humanity, demonstrating ongoing monitoring and innovation, and exploring new opportunities for improvement.

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to gaining knowledge through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It involves formulating hypotheses, testing them, and drawing conclusions based on evidence.

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Positive Application

The beneficial use of a scientific concept or technology for the betterment of human society. It focuses on improving health, wellbeing, sustainability, and overall quality of life.

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Ongoing Monitoring

Continuously observing and tracking the effectiveness and impact of a scientific concept or solution. It involves collecting data, evaluating results, and adjusting approaches as needed.

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Innovation Opportunities

Seeking new ways to improve scientific concepts, solutions, or technologies. It involves exploring creative approaches, experimenting with new ideas, and looking for breakthroughs in various fields.

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SHE for Humanity

The application of the SHE framework to address human needs, challenges, and aspirations. It focuses on using scientific principles to improve human health, environment, and overall wellbeing.

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What is the significance of ongoing monitoring in the SHE concept?

Ongoing monitoring is crucial in the SHE concept as it ensures continuous improvement and adaptation of scientific solutions for the benefit of humanity. It allows for the assessment of effectiveness, identification of potential risks, and the timely adjustment of strategies to maximize positive impact.

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Uncertainty in research

The possibility that the results of a study may not be accurate due to factors like measurement error, sampling bias, or random variation.

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Repeatability

The ability to replicate the results of a study under similar conditions. It is key for ensuring the study is reliable and trustworthy.

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How does repeatability affect validity?

A study with low repeatability is likely to have lower validity, meaning the results may not accurately reflect the phenomenon being studied.

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Sample size

The number of individuals or data points included in a study. It affects the reliability of the results.

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How does sample size affect reliability?

A larger sample size generally leads to higher reliability, as it reduces the impact of random variation on the results.

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Rules for graphing data

Guidelines for creating clear and informative graphs that accurately represent the data. These rules help improve the reliability of data visualization.

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How to improve data reliability

Techniques to ensure that the data collected is accurate and consistent, minimizing errors and bias. This includes using appropriate measurement tools, ensuring clear instructions, and verifying data.

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Drawing and critiquing a graph

The process of examining a graph to identify its strengths and weaknesses. This includes analyzing the data presentation, identifying potential errors, and evaluating how well the graph communicates the information.

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Study Notes

Enzymes

  • Differences between induced fit and lock-and-key models for enzyme action
  • Describe the active site
  • Effect of varying substrate or enzyme concentration on reaction rate (graph differences)
  • Explain enzyme specificity
  • Explain enzyme denaturing (pH and temperature) and inhibition (competitive and non-competitive)
  • Define activation energy and identify it on enzyme reaction graphs (with/without enzyme)
  • Enzyme action: catabolic vs anabolic

Cardiovascular

  • Differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries (structure and function)
  • Differences between atria and ventricles
  • Four main products of blood composition
  • Two circuits: pulmonary and systemic
  • Heart valves: role in maintaining unidirectional blood flow

Urinary

  • Four stages of nephron function: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
  • Changes in glucose, urea, protein concentrations in nephron
  • Kidney anatomy: cortex, medulla, pyramid, nephrons, renal vein/artery, ureters
  • ADH impact on blood and kidney
  • Effects of diuretics on blood volume, blood pressure, heart rate, urine volume

Marine

  • Biotic and abiotic factors in marine environments
  • Vertical zonation: supralittoral, littoral, sub-littoral (tidal impacts)
  • Compare marine algae (seaweed) vs marine angiosperms (seagrass)
  • Movement of water through transpiration stream
  • Diffusion of water from soil to xylem vessels
  • Flow of transpiration stream: roots to leaves, cohesion effect

Science Inquiry Skills

  • Identify IV and DV
  • Write hypotheses in correct format
  • Diagrams: precise vs accurate data
  • Strength of correlation using diagrams
  • Identify random and systematic error on graphs
  • Explain connections between uncertainty in resolution = random error, uncertainty in calibration = systematic error, uncertainty in repeatability = method issues, sample size
  • Rules for graphing data
  • How to improve reliability
  • Draw and critique conclusions based on uncertainty
  • Know SHE concepts and model for answering questions: CLAIM, EVIDENCE, JUSTIFICATION

SHE

  • State SHE concept, key idea, and paraphrase of humanity impact (CLAIM)
  • Use two clear data points to support SHE concept (EVIDENCE)
  • Link to scientific method, positive application for humanity, ongoing monitoring, innovation opportunities (JUSTIFICATION)

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from biology, focusing on enzymes, the cardiovascular system, and urinary function. It includes differences in models of enzyme action, structures of blood vessels, and nephron functions, aiming to test your understanding of these essential biological processes.

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