Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of energy for animals?
What is the primary source of energy for animals?
Plants can use proteins and fats as respiratory substrates for energy.
Plants can use proteins and fats as respiratory substrates for energy.
True
What is the process called when energy is released from the breakdown of food materials?
What is the process called when energy is released from the breakdown of food materials?
Respiration
ATP acts as the ______ of the cell.
ATP acts as the ______ of the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Match each term with its correct definition:
Match each term with its correct definition:
Signup and view all the answers
What molecule is synthesized during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
What molecule is synthesized during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid?
Signup and view all the answers
There are three points in the TCA cycle where NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.
There are three points in the TCA cycle where NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+.
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the breakdown of complex molecules primarily occur?
Where does the breakdown of complex molecules primarily occur?
Signup and view all the answers
During respiration, all energy from substrates is released in a single step.
During respiration, all energy from substrates is released in a single step.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first member of the TCA cycle that is required for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA?
What is the first member of the TCA cycle that is required for the continued oxidation of acetyl CoA?
Signup and view all the answers
The reduction of _______ to FADH2 occurs at one point in the TCA cycle.
The reduction of _______ to FADH2 occurs at one point in the TCA cycle.
Signup and view all the answers
What gas do plants require for respiration?
What gas do plants require for respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following compounds with their respective roles in the TCA cycle:
Match the following compounds with their respective roles in the TCA cycle:
Signup and view all the answers
What is produced along with ATP when GTP is converted to GDP?
What is produced along with ATP when GTP is converted to GDP?
Signup and view all the answers
The continued function of the TCA cycle does not require the regeneration of NAD+.
The continued function of the TCA cycle does not require the regeneration of NAD+.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the compound produced from the oxidation of succinyl-CoA?
What is the compound produced from the oxidation of succinyl-CoA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the end product of the citric acid cycle?
What is the end product of the citric acid cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of the Electron Transport System (ETS) is to produce glucose.
The primary purpose of the Electron Transport System (ETS) is to produce glucose.
Signup and view all the answers
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the process of respiration?
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the process of respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
The metabolic pathway through which electrons pass from one carrier to another in the respiratory chain is called the __________.
The metabolic pathway through which electrons pass from one carrier to another in the respiratory chain is called the __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which complex oxidizes NADH in the electron transport system?
Which complex oxidizes NADH in the electron transport system?
Signup and view all the answers
Oxygen is not directly involved in the citric acid cycle.
Oxygen is not directly involved in the citric acid cycle.
Signup and view all the answers
What is produced when electrons from NADH are passed to oxygen in the electron transport system?
What is produced when electrons from NADH are passed to oxygen in the electron transport system?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of respiration with their correct function:
Match the following components of respiration with their correct function:
Signup and view all the answers
What role does oxygen play in the process of respiration?
What role does oxygen play in the process of respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Oxygen is involved in every stage of the respiration process.
Oxygen is involved in every stage of the respiration process.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process called where ATP is produced during respiration?
What is the process called where ATP is produced during respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
The F1 component of ATP synthase contains the site for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic ______.
The F1 component of ATP synthase contains the site for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of ATP synthase with their functions:
Match the following components of ATP synthase with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
How many protons pass through F0 to produce one molecule of ATP?
How many protons pass through F0 to produce one molecule of ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
The energy released during the electron transport system is not utilized in synthesizing ATP.
The energy released during the electron transport system is not utilized in synthesizing ATP.
Signup and view all the answers
In respiration, what is the main purpose of the electron transport system?
In respiration, what is the main purpose of the electron transport system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
What is the net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
Fermentation results in the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
Fermentation results in the complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of NADH in aerobic respiration?
What is the role of NADH in aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
In fermentation, there is a net gain of only ___ molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose degraded to pyruvic acid.
In fermentation, there is a net gain of only ___ molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose degraded to pyruvic acid.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding the breakdown of carbohydrates for respiration?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the breakdown of carbohydrates for respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of respiration with their ATP yield per molecule of glucose:
Match the type of respiration with their ATP yield per molecule of glucose:
Signup and view all the answers
Only glucose can enter the aerobic respiration pathways at the first step.
Only glucose can enter the aerobic respiration pathways at the first step.
Signup and view all the answers
What must fats be broken down into before they can be respired?
What must fats be broken down into before they can be respired?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?
What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
The respiratory pathway functions solely for catabolic processes.
The respiratory pathway functions solely for catabolic processes.
Signup and view all the answers
Define oxidative phosphorylation.
Define oxidative phosphorylation.
Signup and view all the answers
The Krebs' cycle operates in the ______ of the mitochondria.
The Krebs' cycle operates in the ______ of the mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of cellular respiration with their primary functions:
Match the following components of cellular respiration with their primary functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true about fermentation?
Which of the following statements is true about fermentation?
Signup and view all the answers
NADH and FADH2 are produced during glycolysis and Krebs' cycle, respectively.
NADH and FADH2 are produced during glycolysis and Krebs' cycle, respectively.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ), and what is its value for fats?
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ), and what is its value for fats?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Respiration in Plants
- Respiration is essential for all living organisms for activities like absorption, transport, movement, reproduction.
- Energy for these activities comes from food.
- Plants, like animals, use the process of breathing to release energy from food.
- Plants obtain energy through photosynthesis, storing energy in carbohydrates like glucose. Photosynthesis in plants takes place in cells containing chloroplasts.
- Non-green parts of plants need to obtain/translocate energy from other parts.
- Animals obtain food directly or indirectly from plants.
- Energy release from food happens through a complex process called 'breathing' or 'respiration'.
Do Plants Breathe?
- Plants do require oxygen (O₂) for respiration and release carbon dioxide (CO₂).
- Plants don't have specialized breathing organs like animals.
- Different plant parts (roots, stems, leaves) carry out respiration independently.
- Plants have stomata and lenticels (small openings) for gas exchange.
- Rates of gas exchange in plants are lower than animals.
- During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced within plant cells, which facilitates respiration.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose in living organisms.
- It breaks down glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two molecules of pyruvic acid (a 3-carbon molecule).
- The splitting process takes place in the cytoplasm.
- Glycolysis occurs in all living organisms.
- Glycolysis generates a small amount of ATP.
- ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell.
- Various intermediate steps are catalyzed by different enzymes.
Fermentation
- Fermentation is incomplete oxidation of glucose.
- Occurs in anaerobic conditions.
- Produces a small amount of energy.
- Yeast and some bacteria use fermentation.
- Pyruvic acid is converted to ethanol/CO₂ (alcoholic fermentation) or lactic acid in various organisms (lactic acid fermentation), respectively.
Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration is complete oxidation of glucose.
- Occurs in the presence of oxygen.
- Pyruvic acid moves from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
- Oxidative decarboxylation converts pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA.
- Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, releasing CO₂ and generating NADH and FADH₂.
- Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ move through the electron transport chain, producing ATP.
- Oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
- Large amount of energy is obtained from complete oxidation.
Krebs Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)
- In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl CoA.
- Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
- It involves a series of reactions.
- It generates ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
- NADH and FADH₂ carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
- The cycle continues until glucose is completely broken down.
Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are transferred to a chain of electron carriers.
- Energy released drives ATP synthesis.
- Oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor forming water.
- Large amount of ATP is produced.
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the process used to produce ATP.
Respiratory Balance Sheet
- Calculation of ATP yield in complete oxidation of glucose is based on theoretical assumptions.
- These assumptions include that all processes occur sequentially, NADH produced during glycolysis enters mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation, and no intermediates are used for other synthesis.
Amphibolic Pathway
- Respiration is involved in both breakdown (catabolism) and synthesis (anabolism) of molecules.
- Respiration is not just a breakdown pathway.
- It intermediates are also used in other metabolic processes.
- Thus, respiration is classified as amphibolic.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
- RQ is the ratio of volume of CO₂ evolved to the volume of O₂ consumed.
- This ratio depends on the type of respiratory substrate used.
- For carbohydrates, RQ = 1.
- For fats, RQ will be < 1.
- For proteins, RQ will be ~0.7
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the energy metabolism processes in animals, including the TCA cycle and respiration. This quiz covers various stages of energy production and the roles of key molecules. Challenge yourself to match terms and definitions related to this crucial biological process.
