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Questions and Answers
What is the role of a gene within a DNA molecule?
Which process is primarily responsible for creating RNA copies from DNA?
What does the term 'codon' refer to in the context of mRNA?
In the process of protein synthesis, what is the role of an anticodon?
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Which term best describes the process used to reduce the DNA amount in sperm or egg cells?
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What is a zygote?
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What does 'interphase' refer to in the cell cycle?
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How does irreducible complexity relate to engineered systems?
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What process follows transcription in the creation of proteins?
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What distinguishes ribonucleic acid (RNA) from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
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Which term describes the non-dividing portion of the cell cycle?
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During which process are homologous chromosomes paired and exchanged?
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What happens to the number of chromosomes during fertilization?
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What is the role of amino acids in protein synthesis?
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What is a characteristic of a system that exemplifies irreducible complexity?
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What defines a gamete in the context of reproduction?
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Study Notes
Nucleotides
- Building blocks of DNA
- Consist of sugar, phosphate, and a base
Genes
- Sections of DNA
- Code for proteins
Transcription
- Process of creating an RNA copy of a gene
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- Similar to DNA
- Structure based on information in a gene
Translation
- Converts the DNA code into a protein
Codon
- Three nucleotides in mRNA that code for an amino acid
Amino Acid
- Building blocks of proteins
- About 20 different types
Anticodon
- Three nucleotides in tRNA
- Matches a codon on mRNA
Protein Synthesis
- Building a protein by bonding amino acids
Engineered Systems
- Group of parts designed to work together
- Irreducible complexity: removing one part stops the entire system
Cell Cycle
- Process of cell growth and reproduction
Interphase
- Portion of the cell cycle
- Cell grows and performs normal functions
Replication
- DNA copying process
Mitosis
- Ensures each daughter cell has the same number and kinds of genes as the parent cell
- Part of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis
- Final stage of cell cycle
- Parent cell divides, giving each new daughter cell cytoplasm
Asexual Reproduction
- Reproduction without gametes
Gamete
- Sperm or egg cell
Sexual Reproduction
- Sperm unites with egg to form a zygote
Meiosis
- Reduces the amount of DNA in sperm or egg cells by half
Homologous Chromosomes
- Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell
Fertilization
- Joining of gametes to form a diploid cell
Zygote
- Diploid cell resulting from fertilization
Nucleotide
- A nucleotide is a subunit of DNA, made up of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.
Gene
- A section of DNA that codes for a unique protein.
Transcription
- The process cells use to create RNA copies of a gene.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- A type of nucleic acid, similar to DNA. It's structure is based on the information of a gene.
Translation
- The process of converting the DNA code into a protein.
Codon
- A group of three nucleotides in a strand of mRNA that codes for one specific amino acid.
Amino Acid
- One of approximately 20 molecules used to build proteins.
Anticodon
- A set of three nucleotides in tRNA that match a codon on mRNA.
Protein Synthesis
- The process of building a protein by bonding amino acids together.
Engineered System
- A group of things, planned, designed, and built to work together with a specific function.
Irreducible Complexity
- Removing one part of an engineered system, causes the entire system to cease function.
Cell Cycle
- The process of cellular growth and reproduction.
Interphase
- The part of the cell cycle where a cell grows and carries out normal functions.
Replication
- The DNA-copying process.
Mitosis
- The process of the cell cycle that ensures each new daughter cell produced has the same number and kinds of genes as the original parent cell.
Cytokinesis
- The final stage of the cell cycle during which the parent cell pinches to give each new daughter cell some cytoplasm.
Asexual Reproduction
- Reproduction that does not involve gametes.
Gamete
- A sperm cell or an egg cell.
Sexual Reproduction
- A type of reproduction in which a sperm unites with an egg to form a zygote.
Meiosis
- The process that reduces the amount of DNA present in each sperm or egg cell by half.
Homologous Chromosomes
- Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Fertilization
- The joining of gametes to form a diploid cell.
Zygote
- The diploid cell that results from fertilization.
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Description
Test your knowledge on nucleotides, genes, and the processes of transcription and translation. This quiz covers essential concepts in the biology of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, including the roles of codons and anticodons. Get ready to dive into the fundamental mechanisms that make life possible!
