Biology Chapter: DNA and Protein Synthesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of a gene within a DNA molecule?

  • It is a structural part of ribonucleic acid.
  • It serves as a template for DNA replication.
  • It codes for a unique protein. (correct)
  • It defines the cell cycle duration.

    • Which process is primarily responsible for creating RNA copies from DNA?

  • Translation
  • Mitosis
  • Transcription (correct)
  • Replication

    • What does the term 'codon' refer to in the context of mRNA?

  • A type of sugar in a nucleotide.
  • The complete DNA molecule.
  • A three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid. (correct)
  • A protein synthesis process.

    • In the process of protein synthesis, what is the role of an anticodon?

    <p>It matches with the codon on mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the process used to reduce the DNA amount in sperm or egg cells?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a zygote?

    <p>A diploid cell formed from the fertilization of gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'interphase' refer to in the cell cycle?

    <p>The stage when the cell grows and performs its normal functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does irreducible complexity relate to engineered systems?

    <p>It is a feature where the removal of any one part causes the entire system to cease functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows transcription in the creation of proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ribonucleic acid (RNA) from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded whereas DNA is double-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the non-dividing portion of the cell cycle?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process are homologous chromosomes paired and exchanged?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of chromosomes during fertilization?

    <p>It is doubled in the resulting zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of amino acids in protein synthesis?

    <p>They are linked together to form proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a system that exemplifies irreducible complexity?

    <p>Removing one part causes the entire system to fail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a gamete in the context of reproduction?

    <p>A reproductive cell with half the usual chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleotides

    • Building blocks of DNA
    • Consist of sugar, phosphate, and a base

    Genes

    • Sections of DNA
    • Code for proteins

    Transcription

    • Process of creating an RNA copy of a gene

    Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

    • Similar to DNA
    • Structure based on information in a gene

    Translation

    • Converts the DNA code into a protein

    Codon

    • Three nucleotides in mRNA that code for an amino acid

    Amino Acid

    • Building blocks of proteins
    • About 20 different types

    Anticodon

    • Three nucleotides in tRNA
    • Matches a codon on mRNA

    Protein Synthesis

    • Building a protein by bonding amino acids

    Engineered Systems

    • Group of parts designed to work together
    • Irreducible complexity: removing one part stops the entire system

    Cell Cycle

    • Process of cell growth and reproduction

    Interphase

    • Portion of the cell cycle
    • Cell grows and performs normal functions

    Replication

    • DNA copying process

    Mitosis

    • Ensures each daughter cell has the same number and kinds of genes as the parent cell
    • Part of the cell cycle

    Cytokinesis

    • Final stage of cell cycle
    • Parent cell divides, giving each new daughter cell cytoplasm

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Reproduction without gametes

    Gamete

    • Sperm or egg cell

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Sperm unites with egg to form a zygote

    Meiosis

    • Reduces the amount of DNA in sperm or egg cells by half

    Homologous Chromosomes

    • Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell

    Fertilization

    • Joining of gametes to form a diploid cell

    Zygote

    • Diploid cell resulting from fertilization

    Nucleotide

    • A nucleotide is a subunit of DNA, made up of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

    Gene

    • A section of DNA that codes for a unique protein.

    Transcription

    • The process cells use to create RNA copies of a gene.

    Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

    • A type of nucleic acid, similar to DNA. It's structure is based on the information of a gene.

    Translation

    • The process of converting the DNA code into a protein.

    Codon

    • A group of three nucleotides in a strand of mRNA that codes for one specific amino acid.

    Amino Acid

    • One of approximately 20 molecules used to build proteins.

    Anticodon

    • A set of three nucleotides in tRNA that match a codon on mRNA.

    Protein Synthesis

    • The process of building a protein by bonding amino acids together.

    Engineered System

    • A group of things, planned, designed, and built to work together with a specific function.

    Irreducible Complexity

    • Removing one part of an engineered system, causes the entire system to cease function.

    Cell Cycle

    • The process of cellular growth and reproduction.

    Interphase

    • The part of the cell cycle where a cell grows and carries out normal functions.

    Replication

    • The DNA-copying process.

    Mitosis

    • The process of the cell cycle that ensures each new daughter cell produced has the same number and kinds of genes as the original parent cell.

    Cytokinesis

    • The final stage of the cell cycle during which the parent cell pinches to give each new daughter cell some cytoplasm.

    Asexual Reproduction

    • Reproduction that does not involve gametes.

    Gamete

    • A sperm cell or an egg cell.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • A type of reproduction in which a sperm unites with an egg to form a zygote.

    Meiosis

    • The process that reduces the amount of DNA present in each sperm or egg cell by half.

    Homologous Chromosomes

    • Matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell.

    Fertilization

    • The joining of gametes to form a diploid cell.

    Zygote

    • The diploid cell that results from fertilization.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on nucleotides, genes, and the processes of transcription and translation. This quiz covers essential concepts in the biology of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, including the roles of codons and anticodons. Get ready to dive into the fundamental mechanisms that make life possible!

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