Biology Chapter: DNA and Chromosomes
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Questions and Answers

What does the 5' end of a DNA molecule contain?

  • An intron
  • A hydroxyl group
  • A phosphate group (correct)
  • A nitrogenous base
  • How do epigenetic marks influence gene expression?

  • Through replication timing
  • By changing the DNA sequence
  • By altering chromosomal count
  • Through DNA methylation and histone modifications (correct)
  • Which statement is true regarding human chromosome count?

  • Diploid cells have 23 chromosomes
  • Haploid cells contain 46 chromosomes
  • Sperm and egg cells are diploid
  • Diploid cells contain 46 chromosomes (correct)
  • What is the primary role of mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>To synthesize ribosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and essential proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA during transcription?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of telomeres in chromosomes?

    <p>Telomeres prevent the loss of genetic material during replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mitochondrial DNA differ from nuclear DNA in terms of inheritance?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes exons in the context of gene expression?

    <p>Exons are coding sequences that remain in the final RNA product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA replication, what does the 5' to 3' designation indicate?

    <p>The direction in which DNA polymerase adds nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>To read the DNA strand and synthesize RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Orientation

    • 5' and 3' designations refer to carbons on the deoxyribose sugar.
    • 5' end has a phosphate group; 3' end has a hydroxyl group.
    • Directionality of DNA and RNA synthesis is 5' → 3'.

    Chromatin and Epigenetics

    • Epigenetic marks (methylation, histone modifications) control chromatin activity (euchromatin vs. heterochromatin).
    • Exons are coding sequences in DNA; introns are spliced out.

    Human Chromosomes

    • Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
    • Haploid cells (sperm/egg) have 23 chromosomes.
    • Telomeres are sequences at chromosome ends protecting against genetic loss during replication.

    Mitochondrial DNA

    • Inherited exclusively from the mother (egg provides mitochondria).
    • Codes for some ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and proteins crucial for mitochondrial function.

    Transcription

    • Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
    • RNA polymerase performs transcription by creating a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template.
    • Transcription occurs 5' → 3' on the newly synthesized RNA strand.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure of DNA, the orientation of nucleotides, and the basics of chromatin and epigenetics. This quiz covers essential topics including human chromosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and the process of transcription. Get ready to dive into the molecular world of genetics!

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