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Questions and Answers
Which type of cells primarily release secretions for protein digestion in the stomach?
Which type of cells primarily release secretions for protein digestion in the stomach?
What hormone stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum?
What hormone stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum?
What process synthesizes glucose from simpler molecules?
What process synthesizes glucose from simpler molecules?
Which structure prevents the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory passageways during swallowing?
Which structure prevents the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory passageways during swallowing?
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What is the effect of the diaphragm contracting and moving inferiorly during inhalation?
What is the effect of the diaphragm contracting and moving inferiorly during inhalation?
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What effect do elevated levels of ADH and angiotensin II have on peripheral blood vessels?
What effect do elevated levels of ADH and angiotensin II have on peripheral blood vessels?
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What type of antibodies does a person with Type A blood have in their plasma?
What type of antibodies does a person with Type A blood have in their plasma?
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What is the primary function of chylomicrons in lipid transport?
What is the primary function of chylomicrons in lipid transport?
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What is the delay in the peak of contraction relative to the AP upstroke in the cardiac muscle excitation-contraction mechanism?
What is the delay in the peak of contraction relative to the AP upstroke in the cardiac muscle excitation-contraction mechanism?
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What is the role of dihydropyridine receptors and Ryanodine receptors in the cardiac muscle excitation-contraction mechanism?
What is the role of dihydropyridine receptors and Ryanodine receptors in the cardiac muscle excitation-contraction mechanism?
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What is the effect of agents that block Ca2+ current across plasma membranes on cardiac contraction?
What is the effect of agents that block Ca2+ current across plasma membranes on cardiac contraction?
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What happens to myoplasmic Ca++ during muscle relaxation in the cardiac muscle?
What happens to myoplasmic Ca++ during muscle relaxation in the cardiac muscle?
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What is the relationship between arterial compliance and hydraulic resistance of the same vessel?
What is the relationship between arterial compliance and hydraulic resistance of the same vessel?
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Why is the impulse conduction slowed down in the AV node?
Why is the impulse conduction slowed down in the AV node?
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What is required to calculate O2 consumption using the Fick Principle?
What is required to calculate O2 consumption using the Fick Principle?
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Where does the mean blood pressure fall rapidly in the systemic circulation?
Where does the mean blood pressure fall rapidly in the systemic circulation?
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Study Notes
Protein Digestion
- Protein digestion in the stomach results primarily from secretions released by parietal cells
- Parietal cells release pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin to digest proteins
Hormones and Digestion
- Secretin stimulates the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes
- Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile
- Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen and gastric acid
Glucose Synthesis
- Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from simpler molecules
- Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
- Lipolysis is the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol
- Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA
Swallowing Mechanism
- The epiglottis prevents the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory passageways during swallowing
- The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords
- The arytenoid cartilage is involved in the movement of the vocal cords
Diaphragm Function
- When the diaphragm contracts, it tenses and moves inferiorly, causing an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity
- This leads to a decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity and an increase in pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Elevated levels of ADH and angiotensin II produce increased peripheral vasoconstriction
- This leads to increased blood pressure and decreased blood flow to the periphery
Blood Types
- A person with Type A blood has A antigens on their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their plasma
Blood Coagulation
- When clotting proteins are removed from plasma, serum remains
- Fibrinogen is a clotting protein that is converted to fibrin during coagulation
White Blood Cell Differential Count
- Neutrophils are the most numerous WBCs found in a differential count of a "normal" individual
Lipid Transport
- Lipids are transported from the intestine to the liver by chylomicrons
- Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids
Respiration Regulation
- The concentration of carbon dioxide is most important in regulating the rate of respiration
- Increased CO2 levels stimulate the respiratory centers in the brain to increase breathing rate
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
- The peak of contraction is delayed by more than 100 ms relative to the action potential upstroke
- Dihydropyridine receptors and Ryanodine receptors are coupled during depolarization of the T-tubule membrane
- Cardiac contraction is inhibited by agents that block the Ca2+ current across plasma membranes
Arterial Compliance
- Arterial compliance decreases with age
- Compliance is directly proportional to the volume of the vessel and inversely proportional to the pressure
Impulse Conduction
- The impulse conduction is slowed down in the AV node to ensure complete atrial systole
- From the AV node, the impulse passes in the Purkinje fibers to reach working cardiomyocytes
- There is only one electrical pathway that connects the atrial and ventricular tissues
Fick Principle
- The Fick Principle allows the calculation of O2 consumption when the O2 concentrations in the pulmonary arteries and cardiac output are known
- It is based on the Law of conservation of mass
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Description
Learn about the processes of protein digestion, hormones that regulate digestion, and glucose synthesis. This quiz covers the role of parietal cells, pancreatic enzymes, and hormones like secretin and gastrin.
