Biology Chapter: Continuity of Life
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Questions and Answers

What is a key advantage of vegetative propagation?

  • Plants can be produced that do not require sunlight.
  • New varieties are frequently evolved.
  • Offspring are identical to the mother plant. (correct)
  • It does not require any form of soil.

Which part of a flower is responsible for producing pollen?

  • Filament
  • Stamen (correct)
  • Style
  • Ovary

What is a disadvantage of vegetative propagation?

  • Produces seeds that do not grow.
  • New varieties are not evolved. (correct)
  • Increases the risk of disease spread.
  • Requires extensive geographical conditions.

Which of the following is not a part of the flower's reproductive structure?

<p>Roots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a flower supports the petals?

<p>Receptacle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the stigma in a flower?

<p>Receives pollen during fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in plants is true?

<p>Seeds can grow into new plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a flower is often green and protects the buds?

<p>Sepals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

<p>Sexual reproduction requires two parents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pollination in the reproductive process?

<p>It leads directly to fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the product of fertilization?

<p>Zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which reproduction method does tissue culture play a vital role?

<p>Asexual reproduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of vegetative propagation?

<p>New plants grow from parts of the parent plant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of plants that reproduce through vegetative propagation?

<p>They generate daughter plants identical to the mother plant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a plant that reproduces through suckers?

<p>Pineapple (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of underground stem is characterized by storing food and helping plants survive adverse conditions?

<p>Rhizome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is an example of natural vegetative propagation from leaves?

<p>Begonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bulbils are a specific type of vegetative reproduction. Which plant is known for producing bulbils?

<p>Pineapple (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in a flower is responsible for producing male gamete cells?

<p>Androecium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to refer to a fertilized ovum?

<p>Zygote (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a corm from other types of underground stems?

<p>It is a fleshy storage organ. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the gynoecium contains the female gamete cells?

<p>Ovary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of development after fertilization?

<p>Zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of vegetative propagation?

<p>Fragmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process does the morula implant into the uterine wall?

<p>Implantation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes flowers that contain both male and female reproductive structures?

<p>Bisexual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of underground stems is commonly associated with potatoes?

<p>Stem tuber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What develops around the embryo approximately six weeks after implantation?

<p>Embryonic membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plants bear both male and female flowers on the same individual?

<p>Monoecious (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the mother to the fetus for material exchange?

<p>Umbilical cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same species?

<p>Pollination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plants have separate male and female individuals?

<p>Dioecious plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily responsible for the exchange of nutrients and oxygen between the mother and fetus?

<p>Placenta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the umbilical cord NOT transfer between the mother and the fetus?

<p>Blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the flower is responsible for the release of pollen?

<p>Anther (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of developmental stages from fertilization to implantation?

<p>Zygote -&gt; Morula -&gt; Blastula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-pollination?

<p>Pollen is deposited on the stigma of the same flower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the growth of a pollen tube through the style towards an ovule?

<p>Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What develops from the ovary after fertilization in flowering plants?

<p>Pericarp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is parthenocarpy in plants?

<p>Development of fruits without fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of dispersing fruits and seeds?

<p>Minimizing nutrient competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species?

<p>Cross-pollination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the outer layer of the seed that develops from the ovule wall?

<p>Testa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seedless fruits, such as grapes and oranges, are produced through which type of growth?

<p>Parthenocarpy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key methods by which plants disperse their seeds and fruits?

<p>Animal consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vegetative Propagation

A method of plant reproduction that doesn't involve seeds, using parts of the plant to create new plants identical to the original.

Advantages of Vegetative Propagation

Faster, creates identical offspring, early fruit production, disease resistance, and ability to survive harsh conditions.

Disadvantages of Vegetative Propagation

No new varieties are created.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Plant reproduction using seeds, formed from the fusion of male and female gametes.

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Flower Structure

The complete flower structure consists of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.

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Calyx

The outermost whorl of sepals protecting the flower bud.

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Corolla

The whorl of petals, often colorful, attracting pollinators.

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Androecium

The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of stamens.

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Gynoecium

The female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of the pistil.

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Stamen

The male part of a flower, consisting of a filament and an anther.

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Pistil

The female part of a flower, consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.

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Vegetative reproduction

A type of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants grow from parts of the parent plant, like stems, roots, or leaves.

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Natural vegetative propagation

The natural process of producing new plants from stems, roots, or leaves of a parent plant.

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Roots

A vegetative part of a plant used for vegetative propagation, producing new plants.

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Leaves

Certain plant leaves can grow into new plants from vegetative propagation.

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Suckers

Small plants growing horizontally from the base of the stem, below the soil, in vegetative reproduction.

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Runners

Stems that grow along the soil surface and develop adventitious roots to form new plants in vegetative reproduction.

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Bulbils

Specialized structures that form new plants, arising from an existing stem or leaf in vegetative propagation.

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Underground Stems

Stems that grow underground and play a role in vegetative propagation, food storage, and overwintering in unfavorable conditions.

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Rhizome

A type of underground stem used for vegetative propagation, storing food and for spending dormancy periods, marked by horizontal growth.

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Corm

A swollen underground stem found in some plants, used for vegetative reproduction, food storage, and dormancy periods.

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Bulb

An underground stem with leaf bases, used for vegetative reproduction, food storage and dormancy periods.

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Stem Tuber

Swollen underground stems used for vegetative reproduction by storing food and overwintering.

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Androecium/Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower, containing the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen.

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Gynoecium/Pistil

The female reproductive part of a flower; made of the stigma, style, and ovary. The ovary contains ovules.

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Bisexual flower

A flower that has both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive structures.

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Unisexual flower

A flower that has either male or female reproductive structures, but not both.

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Monoecious plant

A plant that has both male and female flowers on the same plant.

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Dioecious plant

A plant that has male flowers on one plant and female flowers on a separate plant.

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Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower, which is necessary for fertilization.

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Self-pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower, or to a flower on the same plant.

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Cross-pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different flower on a different plant of the same species.

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Water pollination

Transfer of pollen from one plant to another by water.

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Water pollination example

Anthurium and Passion fruit are examples of plants that use water for pollination.

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Pollination

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

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Fertilization

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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Fruit formation

Development of the ovary into a fruit after fertilization.

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Seed formation

Development of the ovule into a seed after fertilization.

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Parthenocarpy

Fruit development without fertilization.

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Seed dispersal

Movement of seeds away from the parent plant.

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Seed dispersal methods

Various ways seeds are spread, including wind, water, animals, and explosion.

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Fertilization

The fusion of the nucleus of a sperm with the nucleus of an ovum.

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Asexual reproduction

Reproduction that doesn't involve the fusion of gametes (sex cells).

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Sexual reproduction

Reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes.

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Zygote

A fertilized ovum, the first stage of a new organism.

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Vegetative propagation

A type of asexual reproduction in plants using vegetative parts, such as stems, roots, or leaves.

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Morula

A solid ball of cells formed after the zygote divides multiple times.

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Pollination

Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

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Implantation

The process of a developing embryo embedding itself in the uterine wall.

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Blastula

The hollow ball of cells that forms after the morula further develops.

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Fertilization

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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Seed

A mature ovule containing an embryo and food reserves.

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Fetal Development

The growth and changes in a fetus, resulting in a fully formed organism.

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Zygote

The cell that results from the fusion of gametes.

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Embryonic membranes

Protective membranes that develop around the embryo during early development.

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Reproduction

The biological process by which new individuals are produced.

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Placenta

The organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, facilitating material exchange.

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Umbilical cord

A tube-like structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, carrying nutrients and oxygen.

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Study Notes

Vegetative Propagation

  • A key advantage of vegetative propagation is the production of genetically identical offspring, ensuring desirable traits are preserved.
  • A disadvantage is the lack of genetic diversity, which can make the plants more susceptible to diseases.

Floral Anatomy

  • The anther is the part of the flower responsible for producing pollen.
  • The sepals support the petals.
  • The stigma is the sticky, receptive surface of the pistil that receives pollen grains.
  • The calyx is the outermost whorl of modified leaves, often green, protecting the flower bud.

Reproduction in Plants

  • The primary difference between asexual and sexual reproduction in plants is the involvement of gametes. Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes, while sexual reproduction does.
  • Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma, which is essential for fertilization.
  • The zygote is the product of fertilization.
  • Tissue culture is vital for the vegetative propagation method of micropropagation.
  • Vegetative propagation involves the growth of new plants from parts of existing plants, such as roots, stems, or leaves.
  • Plants that reproduce through vegetative propagation are characterized by the ability to develop new individuals from non-sexual parts.
  • Suckers are shoots that arise from the roots of a plant, such as the strawberry plant.
  • A tuber is an underground stem specialized for storing food and enabling survival during harsh conditions.
  • Bryophyllum plants are a classic example of plants that reproduce through leaf propagation, generating plantlets from their leaf margins.

Specific Vegetative Propagation Techniques

  • Bulbils are small, bulb-like structures that develop in the axils of leaves, a specific type of vegetative propagation.
  • The Agave plant is known for producing bulbils.
  • The anther produces male gamete cells.
  • A fertilized ovum is called a zygote.
  • A corm is characterized by being a solid, bulb-like stem with a basal plate and leaf bases.
  • The ovary of the gynoecium contains the female gamete cells (eggs).

Plant Development after Fertilization

  • The first stage of development after fertilization is the formation of a zygote.
  • Grafting, not layering, is not a type of vegetative propagation.
  • Implantation is the process where the morula attaches to the uterine wall.
  • A perfect flower contains both male and female reproductive structures.
  • Tubers are the most common type of underground stem associated with the potato plant.
  • The placenta develops around the embryo six weeks after implantation.
  • Monoecious plants bear both male and female flowers on the same individual.
  • The umbilical cord connects the mother to the fetus for material exchange.

Plant Reproduction Processes

  • Cross-pollination is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same species.
  • Dioecious plants have separate male and female individuals.
  • The placenta is primarily responsible for exchanging nutrients and oxygen between the mother and fetus.
  • The umbilical cord does not transfer blood between the mother and fetus.
  • The anther is responsible for releasing pollen.
  • The sequence of developmental stages from fertilization to implantation includes fertilization, zygote, morula, blastocyst, and implantation.
  • Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.
  • Pollination is the process of the growth of a pollen tube through the style towards an ovule.
  • The fruit develops from the ovary after fertilization in flowering plants.
  • Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits without fertilization.
  • The main purpose of dispersing fruits and seeds is to ensure the survival and spread of the plant species.
  • Cross-pollination refers to the transfer of pollen between flowers of the same species.
  • The testa is the outer layer of the seed that develops from the ovule wall.
  • Seedless fruits like grapes and oranges are produced through parthenocarpy.
  • Wind is a key method by which plants disperse seeds and fruits.

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Biology - Continuity of Life - Reproduction - PDF

Description

Explore the essential concepts of reproduction in living organisms, focusing on both asexual and sexual methods. Understand how these processes contribute to the continuity of life and the adaptation to environmental changes. This quiz covers key examples, mainly in plants, and the implications of each reproduction type.

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