Biology Chapter: Cells as Building Blocks
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Questions and Answers

What fundamental characteristic do all cells share?

  • They have a rigid cell wall.
  • They are visible to the naked eye.
  • DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. (correct)
  • They contain organelles.

Which type of microscope allows for the observation of living cells?

  • Light microscope (correct)
  • Confocal microscope
  • Fluorescence microscope
  • Electron microscope

Which of the following is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?

  • Have complex compartments
  • Lack membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Larger size than eukaryotic cells
  • Contain a membrane-bound nucleus

What is the primary function of organelles in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To compartmentalize cellular processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure do prokaryotic cells utilize for movement?

<p>Flagella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically found in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleoid region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells are smaller, typically 1-10 μm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fluorescence microscopy is correct?

<p>It requires specimen preparation to visualize specific structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement within the cytoplasm?

<p>Cytoskeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do thylakoids within chloroplasts contain that is essential for photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts originated from which type of organism?

<p>Cyanobacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is absent in plant cells but present in animal cells?

<p>Centrioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell?

<p>Structural support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements accurately describe vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>They store water and organic compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tight junctions in animal cells?

<p>Creating a watertight seal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental structure of membranes?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein is integrated into the phospholipid bilayer?

<p>Transmembrane proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do integral proteins reach the plasma membrane after synthesis?

<p>Vesicular transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecules are primarily transported through channel proteins?

<p>Small polar molecules and ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does water move during osmosis?

<p>From hypotonic to hypertonic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

<p>DNA replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the shape change of a protein to facilitate molecule transport?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for active transport across membranes?

<p>It requires a protein transporter pump and ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ATP hydrolysis?

<p>Energy is released by removing a phosphate group from ATP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for transporting large molecules out of the cell?

<p>Exocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular location does glycolysis occur?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the first phase of glycolysis?

<p>2 molecules of pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration?

<p>To generate ATP from ADP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the products of the citric acid cycle from each pyruvate?

<p>1 FADH₂ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxygen play in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>It acts as the final electron acceptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes ATP?

<p>It is the primary energy-supplying molecule in cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are generated during the metabolism of 2 pyruvate?

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many NADH molecules are produced during glycolysis?

<p>2 NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates fermentation from aerobic respiration?

<p>The final electron acceptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells during an oxygen shortage?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one product of alcohol fermentation carried out by yeast?

<p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy-producing process occurs primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reactants are necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

<p>Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To regulate the passage of substances in and out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms sites of contact between adjacent eukaryotic cells?

<p>Cell junctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nuclear pores play in eukaryotic cells?

<p>They facilitate the movement of large or polar molecules in and out of the nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Organelles suspended in aqueous solution called cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum predominantly contribute to?

<p>Protein synthesis and modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Absence of organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell

A simple cell type without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, found in bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cell

A complex cell type with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Cell Organelles

Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.

Plasma Membrane

A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells, regulating what enters and leaves.

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Light Microscope

A microscope that uses visible light to view cells and tissues.

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Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses electrons to view cells in high magnification and resolution.

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Cell Compartmentalization

The segregation of cellular functions into separate organelles in eukaryotic cells.

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DNA Transcription and Translation

The process where DNA instructions are used to make proteins.

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Cell Compartmentalization

The organization of cellular activities into separate compartments, enhancing efficiency.

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Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton

An internal framework within eukaryotic cells, providing structure and support.

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Extracellular Substances

Materials surrounding cells in multicellular organisms, playing a role in structure and interactions.

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Cell Junctions

Contact points between adjacent cells in multicellular organisms, facilitating communication and interactions.

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Plasma Membrane Composition

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates; regulating passage in and out of the cell.

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Cytoplasm Components

The cell's internal fluid containing organelles, cytosol, water, ions, and organic molecules.

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Endomembrane System

A network of membranes within the cell, involved in modifying, transporting, and packaging proteins.

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Nuclear Envelope

Double phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus; a barrier between the nucleus and cytoplasm controlling what enters and exits the cell.

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Chloroplast Function

Chloroplasts convert light energy into glucose through photosynthesis.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from separate prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by host cells.

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Central Vacuole Role

Plant cells' central vacuole stores water and other substances, maintaining pressure.

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Cytoskeleton Components

A network of protein fibers—actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules—gives cells shape and facilitates movement.

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Plant Cell Wall

A rigid structure made of cellulose that gives plant cells support and strength.

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Tight Junctions - Function

Tight Junctions in animal cells create a seal preventing leakage of substances.

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Desmosomes - Function

Desmosomes connect adjacent animal cells, strengthening tissues like skin.

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Plant Cell Characteristics

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles.

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Gap Junctions

Channels that allow animal cells to communicate and exchange ions and small molecules.

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Plasmodesmata

Channels in plant cells enabling communication and nutrient transport.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

Basic structure of cell membranes, composed of two layers of phospholipids.

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Membrane Proteins

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane, performing various functions.

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Diffusion

Molecules moving along a concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

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Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from hypotonic to hypertonic.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules move across the membrane through protein channels with the help of proteins.

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Integral Proteins

Membrane proteins integrated into the phospholipid bilayer.

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Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

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Protein Transporter Pump

A protein that facilitates active transport across a membrane.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the primary energy currency of cells.

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Exocytosis

Transport of large molecules out of a cell via vesicles.

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Endocytosis

Transport of large molecules into a cell via vesicles.

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ATP Hydrolysis

Release of energy by the removal of a phosphate group from ATP.

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Glycolysis

The first step in glucose breakdown, producing 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

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Citric Acid Cycle

A closed loop oxidizing Acetyl CoA, generating 1 CO2, 1 ATP (or equivalent), 4 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per pyruvate.

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Pyruvate's fate

2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are converted into 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH, crucial for energy production

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NADH and FADH

Electron carriers crucial in oxidative phosphorylation, transferring electrons for energy generation.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation location

The process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, releasing energy during oxidative phosphorylation.

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Proton gradient

An electrochemical gradient generated by H⁺ ion pumping during the Electron Transport Chain, crucial for ATP production.

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Oxygen's role

Final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain, forming water.

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Fermentation definition

A metabolic process that regenerates NAD⁺ for glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.

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Photosynthesis

Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy (glucose) by photoautotrophs.

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Study Notes

Cells as Building Blocks

  • Cells are the basic building blocks of the body
  • Each cell type has specific functions

Fundamental Characteristics of Cells

  • DNA directs protein synthesis through transcription and translation
  • Cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye
  • All cells have a plasma membrane

How Cells Are Studied

  • Microscopy is crucial for studying cells due to their small size
    • Light Microscopes: Use visible light to view living organisms; may require staining for cellular components
    • Fluorescence Microscopes: Use specific wavelengths (colors) and complicated specimen prep to visualize subcellular structures
    • Electron Microscopes: Use electron beams for higher magnification and resolution, but cannot view live cells

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic Cells:
    • Domains: Bacteria and Archaea
    • Simpler structure, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
    • Key features include: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, cell walls (peptidoglycan in bacteria), sometimes capsules, and flagella for movement
  • Eukaryotic Cells:
    • Domains: Animals, plants, fungi, protists
    • More complex, containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (e.g., mitochondria, chloroplasts)
    • Larger than prokaryotic cells (10-100 µm)
    • Specialized organelles facilitate complex functions

Key Components of Eukaryotic Cells

  • Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates substance passage; contains cholesterol and carbohydrates for support and recognition
  • Cytoplasm: Cell's internal fluid; contains organelles suspended in cytosol (fluid portion); many metabolic reactions occur here
  • Endomembrane System: Includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and plasma membrane; involved in protein production, modification, packaging, and transport
  • Nucleus: Control center; contains DNA organized into chromosomes; directs transcription and protein synthesis; contains nuclear envelope with pores for molecule passage.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Extensive network of membranes; Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, synthesizing and modifying proteins; Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for distribution within the cell or secretion outside the cell.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes in animal cells to break down cellular waste, old organelles, and foreign invaders; function depends on the endomembrane system.
  • Transport Vesicles: Transport proteins and other cargo through the cell; vesicles bud from membranes and move to a target compartment, releasing their contents.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell; generate ATP (energy) through cellular respiration; contain DNA and ribosomes; multiple per cell, with folded inner membranes (cristae)
  • Chloroplasts (Plant Cells): Responsible for photosynthesis; convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose); have their own DNA and ribosomes; similar to mitochondria.

Cellular Energy and Respiration

  • ATP: Primary energy-supplying molecule in cells
    • Conversion from ADP involves adding a phosphate group
  • Glycolysis: First step in glucose breakdown; occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells; produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH; crucial for cells without oxygen
  • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; produces molecules for the electron transport chain.
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation: Uses the movement of H+ ions to generate ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
  • Fermentation: ATP production in the absence of oxygen; often results in lactic acid or alcohol as a by-product

Photosynthesis

  • Definition: Process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert solar energy into glucose.
  • Key Components: Sunlight, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) are reactants; glucose (C6H12O6)and oxygen (O2) are products
  • Chloroplasts: Organelles where photosynthesis occurs
  • Contains chlorophyll - absorbs blue and red light
  • Thylakoid membranes: Site of light-dependent reactions; water is split, O2 is released, and energy is captured to produce ATP and NADPH.
  • Stroma: Site of the Calvin Cycle; CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules during the light-independent reactions.

Differences Between Plant And Animal Cells

  • Plant cells have rigid cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes but lack cell walls and chloroplasts.

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Description

Explore the fundamental characteristics of cells, their structures, and functions in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about cell types, microscopy techniques, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This quiz is perfect for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of cellular biology.

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