Biology Chapter: Cells and Macromolecules

Basic Unit of Life

• The basic unit of life is the cell.

Four Main Types of Macromolecules

• Four main macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms use light energy to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
• It involves capturing light energy and using it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar).
• Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

• Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, crucial for growth and repair.
• Meiosis produces four genetically diverse daughter cells, essential for sexual reproduction.

Three Domains of Life

• The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Membrane Function

• The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
• It is selectively permeable, controlling the passage of substances.

Cell Nucleus Components

• The cell nucleus contains DNA, organized into chromosomes.
• It also contains a nucleolus, which is involved in ribosome production.

Mitochondria Function

• Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP (energy).
• They are responsible for cellular respiration.

DNA Role in the Cell

• DNA contains the genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
• It directs the synthesis of proteins and other molecules.

Genotype vs. Phenotype

• Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
• Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism.

Enzymes in Biological Processes

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
• They lower the activation energy needed for reactions to occur.

Cellular Respiration Stages

• Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
• These stages generate ATP.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
• Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.

ATP Role in Cellular Processes

• ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell.
• It provides energy for various cellular activities.

Levels of Biological Organization

• Biological organization ranges from atoms to molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

Four Main Types of Animal Tissues

• Four main types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs produce their own food (e.g., plants).
• Heterotrophs consume other organisms for sustenance (e.g., animals).

Flower Parts

• Flowers have petals, sepals, stamens (with anther and filament), and carpels (with stigma, style, and ovary).

Pollination vs. Fertilization

• Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
• Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg.

Plant Hormones

• Plant hormones control various aspects of plant growth and development.
• Examples include auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins.

Animal Behaviors

• Animal behaviors vary widely, influencing survival and reproduction.

Biodiversity Threats

• Threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.

Ecological Succession

• Ecological succession is the process of gradual change in species composition in an ecosystem over time.

Main Types of Ecosystems

• Ecosystems can include forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic environments (lakes, rivers, oceans).

Explore the fundamental concepts of biology with this quiz focusing on cells, macromolecules, and processes such as photosynthesis and cellular division. Test your understanding of life forms, their organization, and the key differences in cellular structures. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.