Biology Chapter: Cells and Body Organization

Cells and Body Organization

Basic unit of life: Cell
Characteristics of life (RODGER): Reproduction, Organization, Development, Growth, Energy use, Response, and Homeostasis.
Cell theory: All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Levels of organization (starting with cells): Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
Tissue definition: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Organ definition: A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Organ system definition: A group of organs working together to perform a major bodily function.
Cytoplasm vs. cytosol: Cytoplasm is the fluid and organelles inside the cell. Cytosol is the fluid component of cytoplasm.
Plant organelle for photosynthesis: Chloroplast
Cell membrane job: Encloses the cell and controls what enters and leaves.
Cell membrane layers: The hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads of phospholipids form the membrane.
Enzymes: Protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions in the cell; made of proteins.
Nucleus job: Contains DNA and controls cell activities.
Ribosome job: Synthesize proteins.
Mitochondria job: Generates energy for the cell (cellular respiration).
Golgi complex job: Processes and packages proteins and lipids.
Endoplasmic reticulum job: A network of membranes involved in modifying and transporting proteins and lipids.
Lysosome job: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.
Transportation organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle containing DNA: Nucleus.
White blood cells and organelle: Lysosomes (for pathogen destruction).
Pancreas and organelle: Golgi apparatus and Ribosomes (for protein exocytosis).
Adrenal gland and organelle: Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (for lipid synthesis).
Homeostasis definition: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
Example of homeostasis in the human body: Regulation of body temperature.
Types of tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Organ systems (examples): Skeletal and Muscular.

Skeletal System

Functions: Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.
Yellow marrow vs. red marrow: Yellow marrow stores fat; red marrow produces blood cells.
Bone marrow role in cardiovascular system: Red marrow produces red and white blood cells vital to the cardiovascular system.
Compact vs. spongy bone: Compact bone is dense and strong; spongy bone is less dense and lightweight, distributing force.
Newborn skeleton material: Cartilage.
Adult bone numbers: 206.
Bone to bone connectors: Ligaments.
Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts: Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts break down bone.
Ligament vs. tendon: Ligaments connect bones; tendons connect muscles to bones.
Joint types (examples): Ball-and-socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), pivot (neck), gliding (wrist).
Cartilage function: Cushions joints and provides structural support.
Ossification: Process of bone formation.
Long bone parts (example): Diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, periosteum.
Bone names (example): Skull, humerus, femur.

Muscular System

Muscle fiber: Cells of muscle tissue.
Muscle types (examples): Skeletal (biceps), smooth (stomach), cardiac (heart).
Smooth muscle location: Walls of internal organs.
Muscles moving bones: Muscles contract and pull on bones to create movement
Voluntary vs. involuntary muscles: Voluntary muscles (choice); involuntary muscles (unconscious).
Flexor vs. extensor: Flexors bend a joint; extensors straighten a joint.
Antagonistic pair: Muscles that work oppositely to produce movement.
Muscle attachment to bone: Tendons.
Functions: Movement, posture, heat production.
Muscle names (example): Biceps brachii, gluteus maximus.

Integumentary System

Parts: Skin, hair, nails, glands (sweat and sebaceous).
Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion.
Layers of skin (and functions): Epidermis (protection), dermis (strength, sensation), hypodermis (insulation).
Receptors functions: Sensory input
Glands functions: Sweat glands help regulate temperature; sebaceous glands lubricate skin.
Blood vessels in skin: Maintain temperature and deliver nutrients/take away waste.
Homeostasis in skin: Maintaining body temperature, water balance and protection from pathogens.
Melanin function: Provides skin color and protects against UV radiation.
Keratin function: Strengthens skin and hair.
Stratum basale vs. stratum corneum: Stratum basale is the deepest layer; stratum corneum is the outer layer.
Acne cause: Blocked pores.
Hair function: Protection, insulation(body temperature), sensation
Nails function: Protection of fingers and toes.

Cardiovascular System

Function: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body.
Blood vessels (types and jobs): Arteries (carry blood away from the heart); veins (carry blood to the heart); capillaries (exchange materials).
Heart chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
Superior/inferior vena cava: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart.
Pulmonary arteries/veins: Carry blood to/from the lungs for gas exchange.
Blood plasma: Liquid portion of blood.
Platelets: Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
White blood cells: Part of the immune system.
Red blood cells: Carry oxygen.
Hemoglobin: Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Blood cell production locations: Red marrow.
Pulmonary circulation: Circulation of blood through the lungs; systemic circulation: Circulation of blood through the body (other than lungs)

Lymphatic System

Function: Maintain fluid balance, immune response, and absorption of fats.
Lymph: Fluid that circulates through lymphatic vessels.
Lymph vessel type: Lymph capillaries
Smallest lymph vessels: Lymphatic capillaries
Pathogen: A disease-causing agent.
Other systems working with lymphatic: Immune system, circulatory and respiratory systems.
Tonsil function: Part of the immune response system.
Lymph nodes function: Filter lymph and produce immune cells.
Spleen function: Filters blood, stores blood, and produce immune cells.
Thymus function: Part of the immune system, site of T-cell maturation.
B-cells function: Part of the immune system
T-cells functions: Part of the immune system
Comparison of lymphatic and blood vessels: The lymphatic system is a one-way (draining) system, while the circulatory system is a closed-loop system.