Biology Chapter: Cells and Body Organization

Cells and Body Organization

• Basic unit of life: Cell
• Characteristics of life (RODGER): Reproduction, Organization, Development, Growth, Energy use, Response, and Homeostasis.
• Cell theory: All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
• Levels of organization (starting with cells): Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
• Tissue definition: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
• Organ definition: A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
• Organ system definition: A group of organs working together to perform a major bodily function.
• Cytoplasm vs. cytosol: Cytoplasm is the fluid and organelles inside the cell. Cytosol is the fluid component of cytoplasm.
• Plant organelle for photosynthesis: Chloroplast
• Cell membrane job: Encloses the cell and controls what enters and leaves.
• Cell membrane layers: The hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads of phospholipids form the membrane.
• Enzymes: Protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions in the cell; made of proteins.
• Nucleus job: Contains DNA and controls cell activities.
• Ribosome job: Synthesize proteins.
• Mitochondria job: Generates energy for the cell (cellular respiration).
• Golgi complex job: Processes and packages proteins and lipids.
• Endoplasmic reticulum job: A network of membranes involved in modifying and transporting proteins and lipids.
• Lysosome job: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.
• Transportation organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Organelle containing DNA: Nucleus.
• White blood cells and organelle: Lysosomes (for pathogen destruction).
• Pancreas and organelle: Golgi apparatus and Ribosomes (for protein exocytosis).
• Adrenal gland and organelle: Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (for lipid synthesis).
• Homeostasis definition: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
• Example of homeostasis in the human body: Regulation of body temperature.
• Types of tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
• Organ systems (examples): Skeletal and Muscular.

Skeletal System

• Functions: Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.
• Yellow marrow vs. red marrow: Yellow marrow stores fat; red marrow produces blood cells.
• Bone marrow role in cardiovascular system: Red marrow produces red and white blood cells vital to the cardiovascular system.
• Compact vs. spongy bone: Compact bone is dense and strong; spongy bone is less dense and lightweight, distributing force.
• Newborn skeleton material: Cartilage.
• Adult bone numbers: 206.
• Bone to bone connectors: Ligaments.
• Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts: Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts break down bone.
• Ligament vs. tendon: Ligaments connect bones; tendons connect muscles to bones.
• Joint types (examples): Ball-and-socket (shoulder), hinge (elbow), pivot (neck), gliding (wrist).
• Cartilage function: Cushions joints and provides structural support.
• Ossification: Process of bone formation.
• Long bone parts (example): Diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, periosteum.
• Bone names (example): Skull, humerus, femur.

Muscular System

• Muscle fiber: Cells of muscle tissue.
• Muscle types (examples): Skeletal (biceps), smooth (stomach), cardiac (heart).
• Smooth muscle location: Walls of internal organs.
• Muscles moving bones: Muscles contract and pull on bones to create movement
• Voluntary vs. involuntary muscles: Voluntary muscles (choice); involuntary muscles (unconscious).
• Flexor vs. extensor: Flexors bend a joint; extensors straighten a joint.
• Antagonistic pair: Muscles that work oppositely to produce movement.
• Muscle attachment to bone: Tendons.
• Functions: Movement, posture, heat production.
• Muscle names (example): Biceps brachii, gluteus maximus.

Integumentary System

• Parts: Skin, hair, nails, glands (sweat and sebaceous).
• Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion.
• Layers of skin (and functions): Epidermis (protection), dermis (strength, sensation), hypodermis (insulation).
• Receptors functions: Sensory input
• Glands functions: Sweat glands help regulate temperature; sebaceous glands lubricate skin.
• Blood vessels in skin: Maintain temperature and deliver nutrients/take away waste.
• Homeostasis in skin: Maintaining body temperature, water balance and protection from pathogens.
• Melanin function: Provides skin color and protects against UV radiation.
• Keratin function: Strengthens skin and hair.
• Stratum basale vs. stratum corneum: Stratum basale is the deepest layer; stratum corneum is the outer layer.
• Acne cause: Blocked pores.
• Hair function: Protection, insulation(body temperature), sensation
• Nails function: Protection of fingers and toes.

Cardiovascular System

• Function: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body.
• Blood vessels (types and jobs): Arteries (carry blood away from the heart); veins (carry blood to the heart); capillaries (exchange materials).
• Heart chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
• Superior/inferior vena cava: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart.
• Pulmonary arteries/veins: Carry blood to/from the lungs for gas exchange.
• Blood plasma: Liquid portion of blood.
• Platelets: Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.
• White blood cells: Part of the immune system.
• Red blood cells: Carry oxygen.
• Hemoglobin: Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
• Blood cell production locations: Red marrow.
• Pulmonary circulation: Circulation of blood through the lungs; systemic circulation: Circulation of blood through the body (other than lungs)

Lymphatic System

• Function: Maintain fluid balance, immune response, and absorption of fats.
• Lymph: Fluid that circulates through lymphatic vessels.
• Lymph vessel type: Lymph capillaries
• Smallest lymph vessels: Lymphatic capillaries
• Pathogen: A disease-causing agent.
• Other systems working with lymphatic: Immune system, circulatory and respiratory systems.
• Tonsil function: Part of the immune response system.
• Lymph nodes function: Filter lymph and produce immune cells.
• Spleen function: Filters blood, stores blood, and produce immune cells.
• Thymus function: Part of the immune system, site of T-cell maturation.
• B-cells function: Part of the immune system
• T-cells functions: Part of the immune system
• Comparison of lymphatic and blood vessels: The lymphatic system is a one-way (draining) system, while the circulatory system is a closed-loop system.