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Questions and Answers
Who was the first to discover living cells?
What is the primary distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a function of the mitochondria?
Which statement accurately reflects the similarities between plant and animal cells?
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What part of the cell is responsible for controlling cell activities?
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Which of the following statements about the differences between plant and animal cells is incorrect?
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What is the product produced by the cell called?
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Which cell part is directly responsible for the synthesis of ribosomes?
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Where are ribosomes primarily attached within a cell?
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Which cell part inspects, sorts, and ships proteins assembled by ribosomes?
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What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?
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What structure creates a barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell?
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Which structure in plant cells provides additional protection beyond the cell membrane?
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Study Notes
Definition and Discovery of Cells
- Cells are the smallest unit of life.
- Robert Hooke first discovered dead cells.
- Anton von Leeuwenhoek was the pioneer in discovering living cells.
Contributions to Cell Theory
- Mathias Schleiden observed that all plants are made of cells.
- Theodor Schwann noted that all animals consist of cells.
- Rudolph Virchow concluded that cells arise from existing cells.
- Three fundamental components of the cell theory:
- All living things are composed of cells.
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
- Cells originate from other living cells.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells predate eukaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess these features.
- Similarities between both types include cell membranes, chromosomes/DNA, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton.
Examples of Cells
- Prokaryotic example: Bacterial cell.
- Eukaryotic examples: Plant cell and animal cell.
Plant and Animal Cell Comparisons
- Both contain membranes, nuclei, chromosomes, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton.
- Differences:
- Plant cells have cell walls, vacuoles, and chloroplasts; animal cells do not.
- Animal cells possess flagella, lysosomes, and centrioles; plant cells do not.
- Plant cells are typically square; animal cells are round.
Cell Functionality
- Cells compared to factories for their collaborative functioning.
- ATP is the energy used by cells.
- Mitochondria produce ATP and are termed the powerhouse of the cell.
Energy Production in Cells
- Animal cells obtain energy through consuming food, while plant cells convert sunlight into energy via chloroplasts through photosynthesis.
Nucleus and Ribosomes
- The nucleus serves as the control center, housing the instructions for product creation.
- The nucleolus produces ribosomes.
- Chromatin or DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic instructions for protein synthesis.
Protein Production Process
- Ribosomes are responsible for assembling proteins.
- Ribosomes can be found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER).
- After assembly on the Rough ER, proteins are sent to the Golgi apparatus for inspection, sorting, and shipping.
- The Golgi apparatus can send proteins out of the cell through Golgi vesicles or route them to lysosomes for degradation.
Cell Storage and Waste Management
- Vacuoles act as storage for cellular materials; they are larger in plant cells and play a role in homeostasis and storing water.
- Lysosomes function as the cell's waste disposal system.
Cell Membrane and Barriers
- The cell membrane regulates the entry and exit of substances, creating a protective barrier.
- Plant cells have an additional protective layer called the cell wall, providing extra support.
Cell Movement Structures
- Flagella are long tails used for movement, while cilia are small hair-like structures that also assist in movement.
- Cytoplasm serves to cushion and support the organelles within a cell.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of cell theory, including key historical figures like Robert Hooke and Anton von Leeuwenhoek. Explore the essential components that define what a cell is and the scientific principles that govern cellular development. Perfect for biology enthusiasts wanting to understand the building blocks of life!
