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What is the primary function of active transport in cells?
What is the primary function of active transport in cells?
Endocytosis is a process by which cells expel molecules.
Endocytosis is a process by which cells expel molecules.
False
What distinguishes a true organelle from structures like the cytoplasm or cell wall?
What distinguishes a true organelle from structures like the cytoplasm or cell wall?
True organelles are enclosed by a membrane.
The __________ ratio decreases as organisms increase in size.
The __________ ratio decreases as organisms increase in size.
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Match the scientific method step with its description:
Match the scientific method step with its description:
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Which of the following is an example of compartmentalization in a cell?
Which of the following is an example of compartmentalization in a cell?
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Lysosomes are considered organelles because they are enclosed by a membrane.
Lysosomes are considered organelles because they are enclosed by a membrane.
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What will happen to the surface area of a cell when it divides?
What will happen to the surface area of a cell when it divides?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the purpose of an independent variable in an experiment?
Which of the following correctly identifies the purpose of an independent variable in an experiment?
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Muscle tissue is responsible for carrying electrical messages throughout the body.
Muscle tissue is responsible for carrying electrical messages throughout the body.
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What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
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The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the __________.
The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the __________.
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Match the following organ systems with their respective major organs and functions:
Match the following organ systems with their respective major organs and functions:
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Which of the following statements about tissues is accurate?
Which of the following statements about tissues is accurate?
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Organs in the human body consist of a single type of tissue.
Organs in the human body consist of a single type of tissue.
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What is the role of connective tissue?
What is the role of connective tissue?
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What is the primary function of the digestive system?
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
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The respiratory system is responsible for producing sex hormones.
The respiratory system is responsible for producing sex hormones.
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What part of the nervous system collects and processes information?
What part of the nervous system collects and processes information?
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The ______ system is responsible for defending against diseases.
The ______ system is responsible for defending against diseases.
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Match the following body systems with their primary functions:
Match the following body systems with their primary functions:
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Which organ is part of the cardiovascular system?
Which organ is part of the cardiovascular system?
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Skeletal muscles are involved in heat production.
Skeletal muscles are involved in heat production.
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What organ is responsible for filtering waste from the blood?
What organ is responsible for filtering waste from the blood?
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What is the primary function of the left ventricle?
What is the primary function of the left ventricle?
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Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
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What is the fluid part of blood called?
What is the fluid part of blood called?
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The Aorta is the largest artery that carries ______ blood throughout the body.
The Aorta is the largest artery that carries ______ blood throughout the body.
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Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for defending the body against pathogens?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for defending the body against pathogens?
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What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBC)?
What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBC)?
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Match the blood components with their primary function:
Match the blood components with their primary function:
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The longest vein in the human body is the Aorta.
The longest vein in the human body is the Aorta.
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What is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)?
What is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)?
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A high-fat diet and smoking do not have any impact on plaque buildup in arteries.
A high-fat diet and smoking do not have any impact on plaque buildup in arteries.
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What serious condition can result from a blocked blood vessel in the brain?
What serious condition can result from a blocked blood vessel in the brain?
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____ is the process by which oxygen is taken from the outside air and carbon dioxide is released from the body.
____ is the process by which oxygen is taken from the outside air and carbon dioxide is released from the body.
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Match the type of respiration with its definition:
Match the type of respiration with its definition:
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What is one of the functions of the respiratory system?
What is one of the functions of the respiratory system?
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Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce energy.
Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce energy.
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What substance is primarily built up in arteries in atherosclerosis?
What substance is primarily built up in arteries in atherosclerosis?
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
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The diaphragm contracts during exhalation.
The diaphragm contracts during exhalation.
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What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
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Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the __________ to be exhaled.
Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the __________ to be exhaled.
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Which respiratory disease is characterized by the filling of alveoli with water?
Which respiratory disease is characterized by the filling of alveoli with water?
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Asthma is primarily caused by infections in the lungs.
Asthma is primarily caused by infections in the lungs.
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Match the following respiratory diseases with their descriptions:
Match the following respiratory diseases with their descriptions:
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What happens to hemoglobin in red blood cells during oxygen transport?
What happens to hemoglobin in red blood cells during oxygen transport?
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Study Notes
Key Features of All Cells
- Cells are the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
- Unicellular organisms have only one cell.
- Multicellular organisms have many cells.
- All cells contain genetic material for producing mRNA.
- All cells contain proteins.
- Cytoplasm is composed mainly of water and enzymes for chemical reactions.
- Plasma membrane controls substance movement in and out of the cell. It is made of lipids.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
- They have a nucleoid instead.
- Prokaryotic cells are unicellular.
- They have a single, naked, circular chromosome.
- They have 70s ribosomes for protein production.
- The cytoplasm is the water-like base of the cell.
- The plasma membrane separates the interior from the cell wall.
- The cell wall is the outer layer of the cell.
- Flagella helps the bacteria move.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
- They have a cell wall.
- Chromosomes comprise DNA and histones (a protein).
- Vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus/Body.
- The Golgi Apparatus/Body modifies proteins.
- The nucleolus creates 80s ribosomes.
- Ribosomes break down debris using enzymes.
- Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cells where cellular respiration occurs producing energy (ATP).
- Mitochondria have double membranes for increased surface area.
- Chromatin is the tangled DNA in the nuclear membrane.
Organelles
- Organelles are specialized parts of a cell with special jobs.
- Organelles can be classified by the number of membranes surrounding them.
- Ribosomes have 0 membranes.
- Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles have 1 membrane.
- Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have 2 membranes.
Comparing Eukaryotic Cells
- Animals do not have a cell wall.
- Fungi have cell walls of chitin.
- Plants have cell walls of cellulose.
- Animal cells have small vacuoles, while plants and fungi have large vacuoles.
- Animal cells do not have plastids, while plants have chloroplasts.
- Animal cells have centrioles, while fungi and plants don't.
- Animal cells have cilia/flagella, while some fungi have them, while plants don't generally.
Atypical Eukaryotic Cell Structures
- Red blood cells are anucleate (no nucleus).
- Sieve tube elements are anucleate (no nucleus).
- Multinucleate cells have many nuclei.
- Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleate.
- Aseptate fungi have thread-like structures called hyphae which contain many nuclei.
Microscopy skills
- Light microscopes use visible light to magnify and view small organisms.
- Electron microscopes provide higher resolutions to view details inside the cell.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are made from cells.
- Organisms are either unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (many cells).
- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
Life Processes in Organisms
- Both unicellular and multicellular organisms carry out life functions like metabolism, reproduction, movement, excretion, homeostasis, nutrition, growth, and response.
B2.1 Membranes and Membrane Transport
- The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane.
- The membrane is described as a phospholipid bilayer.
- It has integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and carbohydrates attached to it.
- Cholesterol controls fluidity of the cell membrane.
- Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient.
- Simple diffusion is a type of passive transport.
- Facilitated diffusion is when channel proteins change shape.
- Osmosis is another type of passive transport focusing on the movement of water molecules across a membrane.
- Active transport needs energy to move against the concentration gradient.
- Endocytosis is when a cell absorbs large molecules.
- Exocytosis is when a cell expels large molecules.
B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization
- Compartmentalization allows cells to specialize functions and create a microenvironment.
- Cell walls are outside the plasma membrane.
- Cytoplasm is not enclosed by a membrane.
- Cytoskeleton is not considered an organelle (it is an extensive structure).
- Lysosomes contain enzymes.
- Nucleus and cytoplasm are separated. (DNA, Transcription, mRNA, Translation, and Protein formation in the nucleus).
A2.3 Cell Size (Specialization)
- Cells come in many different sizes and shapes.
- Volume refers to the amount of space inside a cell
- Surface Area is the area of the cell exposed to the external environment
- Volume increases more rapidly than surface area as cell size increases
- Surface area to volume ratio becomes smaller
- The surface area can be increased by dividing the cell to smaller pieces.
Scientific Method
- Observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, and conclusion.
The Human Body Systems
The four types of tissues are:
- Connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Cardiovascular Diseases
- Atherosclerosis is the build-up of plaque inside arteries.
- Coronary heart disease is the build-up of plaque inside the coronary artery.
- A blocked blood vessel can cause a heart attack or stroke.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system's functions are gas exchange and ventilation.
- Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the body and the outside air.
- Breathing is the two-step process of inhaling and exhaling.
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
Blood Vessels Components
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
- Capillaries connect arteries and veins.
Blood
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue that carries oxygen, hormones, and nutrients.
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight against infection.
- Platelets are involved in blood clotting.
Respiratory Diseases
- Asthma
- Pneumonia
- Emphysema
- COPD
- Lung Cancer
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Description
Explore the key features of all cells, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. This quiz covers topics such as genetic material, ribosomes, cell membranes, and more. Test your knowledge of the fundamental units of life!
