Biology Chapter: Cell Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

  • ATP production (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Lipid storage
  • Cellular secretion

    • What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Energy production
  • Digestion of ingested materials (correct)
  • Cell division

    • What is the typical size range of lysosomes?

  • 1.0-1.5 um
  • 0.5-1.0 um
  • 0.75-1.2 um
  • 0.25-0.5 um (correct)

    • What does the term 'cristae' refer to in the context of mitochondria?

    <p>The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the double membrane structure of mitochondria?

    <p>It facilitates the production of ATP via aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes centrioles?

    <p>They are rod-shaped bodies that occur in pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the dimensions of mitochondria typically compare to other cellular structures?

    <p>They are about 0.2 um in diameter and 2-6 um long.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cytoskeleton play in a cell?

    <p>Provides internal structure and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a result of aerobic respiration occurring in the mitochondria?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process are centrioles critical?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lysosomes primarily composed of?

    <p>Membrane and digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of mitochondria in the transport pathway of cellular materials?

    <p>They are involved in energy production for cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration occurs primarily in mitochondria?

    <p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structures does the cytoskeleton consist of?

    <p>CHON structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of centrioles within a cell?

    <p>At right angles to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key reasons why mitochondrial membranes are similar to plasma membranes?

    <p>Both membranes control the passage of materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of filtration in biological systems?

    <p>To move liquids through a filter while preventing certain substances from passing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?

    <p>Cells are engaged in growth and metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires ATP to transport substances across the cell membrane?

    <p>Active Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis commonly referred to as?

    <p>Cell Eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is characterized by the duplication of chromosomes?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport does pinocytosis correspond to?

    <p>Liquid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase do centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes exocytosis?

    <p>Active secretion of substances out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To reduce the number of chromosomes for reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in filtration?

    <p>To exert force that drives liquid through membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of interphase?

    <p>Chromatid separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do chromatin condense into chromosomes?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes dialysis from filtration?

    <p>Dialysis selectively allows small molecules to pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the control center of the cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell transport is most crucial for phagocytes?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes interphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Period of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase continues cell growth and synthesizes proteins necessary for division?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport requires energy expenditure from the cell?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of interphase?

    <p>Completion of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of interphase does chromosomal replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these functions does the plasma membrane NOT perform?

    <p>Acts as a control center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis produces identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the pacemaker of the cell?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Organelles and Their Functions

    • Mitochondria: Known as the "Powerhouse of the cell," responsible for producing most ATP through aerobic respiration. They are about 0.2 µm in diameter and 2-6 µm long, featuring double membranes with inner cristae that increase surface area for cellular respiration.

    • Lysosomes: Digestive organelles that act as vesicles to break down ingested material. Slightly smaller than mitochondria, they contain about 60 enzymes that facilitate chemical reactions and the disposal of degraded material.

    • Centrioles: Rod-shaped structures that occur in pairs (Diplosomes/Centrosome), positioned at right angles to each other. They play a crucial role in chromosome movement during cell division, forming the mitotic spindle.

    • Cytoskeleton: An extensive network of protein structures providing internal support, cell shape, and facilitating intracellular transport and cellular movement. Comprised of three types of filaments.

    Cell Division Process

    • Interphase: The phase between cell divisions that includes metabolic activity and DNA replication. There are three distinct phases within interphase:

      • G1 Phase: The cell grows and metabolizes, but there is no DNA replication.
      • S Phase: Chromosomal replication occurs, resulting in identical genetic copies.
      • G2 Phase: Pre-Mitotic phase where cell growth continues and proteins are synthesized.

    • Mitosis: The nuclear division process yielding two identical daughter cells, divided into four stages:

      • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell.

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Filtration: Movement of liquid through a filter, driven by hydrostatic pressure, separating larger molecules from smaller ones in a solution.

    • Dialysis: Involves selective permeable membrane allowing small molecules to pass while retaining larger ones.

    • Active Transport: Requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move substances against a concentration gradient, occurring via processes like:

      • Endocytosis: Absorbing extracellular substances into cells by engulfing them.
        • Phagocytosis: "Cell eating," engulfing solid particles for immune defense.
        • Pinocytosis: "Cell drinking," taking in liquids with dissolved nutrients.

    • Exocytosis: The process of moving substances out of the cell, including the secretion of hormones and removal of waste.

    Structure of the Cell

    • Cell Components:
      • Plasma Membrane: Encloses cytoplasm, provides a selective barrier for substance movement.
      • Nucleus: Control center of the cell, containing nucleolus responsible for rRNA synthesis and gene regulation.
      • Cytoplasm: Factory area containing organelles and cytosol where cellular activities occur.

    Cell Life Cycle

    • Cell Division: The process for cell reproduction, including mitosis and meiosis.
    • Mitosis: Results in two identical daughter cells through one nuclear division and chromosomal duplication.
    • Meiosis: Reduces chromosome number by half, crucial for gamete formation; involves cytokinesis post-division.

    Summary of Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive Transport: Movement without energy expenditure, classified into:
      • Diffusion: Movement from higher to lower concentration.
      • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across membranes.
      • Filtration and Dialysis: Specialized processes for separating substances in a liquid.

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