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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following statements about mitochondria is true?
Which of the following statements about mitochondria is true?
What role does the Golgi complex play in the endomembrane system?
What role does the Golgi complex play in the endomembrane system?
What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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How do mitochondria contribute to cell survival?
How do mitochondria contribute to cell survival?
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What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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What components are common to all cells?
What components are common to all cells?
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What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
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Which statement about eukaryotic cells is true?
Which statement about eukaryotic cells is true?
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Study Notes
Course Objectives
- Understand the structure of cells
- Correlate cell structures with basic functions
Cell Theory
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- New cells arise from previously existing cells
Types of Cells
-
Prokaryotic:
- No nucleus
- No organelles
- Small (100nm-5µm)
-
Eukaryotic:
- True nucleus
- Membrane-bound organelles
- Larger (10-100µm)
Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles
-
Nucleus:
- Double membrane (lipid bilayer)
- Pores permit large molecule passage
- Contains DNA (chromatin)
- Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes
- Controls cell division and activities
- Contains fluid matrix (nucleoplasm)
-
Ribosomes:
- Non-membranous structures
- rRNA-protein complexes
- Site of protein synthesis (assembled in nucleoli)
- Attached or free (polyribosomes or polysomes)
-
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Extension of nuclear envelope
- Continuous and folded
-
Rough ER:
- Ribosomes attached
- Protein synthesis and folding
-
Smooth ER:
- No ribosomes
- Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate breakdown, and detoxification
-
Golgi Complex/Body:
- Folded membrane with enzymes
- Modifies and packages proteins and lipids
- Deliver finished products to plasma membrane or lysosomes
-
Mitochondria:
- Eukaryotic organelles
- Carry out respiration (ATP production)
- Two membranes
- Internal folds (cristae) increase surface area -Contains mtDNA and ribosomes.
- Site of krebs cycle (in matrix)
-
Lysosomes:
- Membranous organelles
- Acidic medium (pH 5)
- Contains digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
- Breakdown of macromolecules and old organelles
-
Peroxisomes:
- Small, membrane-bound sacs
- Contain powerful enzymes (catalase, uric acid oxidase)
- Break down hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, and toxins
-
Cytoplasm:
- Semifluid matrix
- Includes organelles and cytosol
- Provides structure, shape and movement of cell components.
-
Cytoskeleton:
- Structural support and shape of cell
- Cell movement
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
- Plasma Membrane: Selectively controls substance movement into and out of cell; maintains cytoplasmic volume
- Cell Wall: Provides structure and support in plant cells
- Chloroplasts: Capture light energy (photosynthesis) In plant cells.
Organelle Functions in Protein Processing
- Nucleus
- ER
- Ribosomes
- Golgi complex
Functions of the ER
- Divides cytoplasm into compartments
- Provides large surface area for chemical reactions
- Produces proteins/enzymes (rough ER)
- Produces lipids (smooth ER)
- Collects and stores synthesized products
- Function in glycosylation
- Transmits cell impulses between parts
Functions of the Golgi Complex
- Modifies proteins/lipids, preparing them for use
- Sorts/packages proteins into transport vesicles
- Transports and secretes products
Defects of Peroxisomes
-
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy:
- Deterioration in myelin sheath of neurons due to improper fatty acid metabolism
- Zellweger syndrome: - Impaired transport of peroxisomal enzymes into peroxisomes
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of cell structure and function with this quiz. Explore both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their organelles and roles within living organisms. This quiz is designed for students in foundational biology courses.
