Biology Chapter: Cell Structure and Function

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosome and RNA synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trans face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestion of macromolecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microfilaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A prokaryote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adhesive junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Same evolutionary origin, different structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assist in protein folding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resists changes in pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Made of one glycerol and three fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmodesmata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigenic drift (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP is too reactive and unstable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exergonic reactions release free energy while endergonic store free energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse transcribe RNA into DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communicating junctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A six-carbon glucose molecule is split into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transfers electrons through a series of linked protein reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recycle high-energy electrons for continued glycolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves specific carrier proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral replication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substrate-level phosphorylation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autotrophs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintains sodium and potassium gradients across the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy available to do work in a system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiporter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 CO2, 1 Acetyl-CoA, and 1 NADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To match existing DNA bases with complementary nucleotides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously, the lagging strand in fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport electrons and pump protons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unwinds the DNA double helix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains the integrity of chromosome ends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inorganic substances like nitrate or sulfate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One strand extends from 3' to 5' and the other from 5' to 3' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each daughter DNA strand contains one parental and one new strand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxaloacetate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerase III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generates ATP by utilizing a proton gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the processivity of DNA polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organic molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3' to 5' exonuclease activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aid in the absorption of light energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion is lost from the chromosome arms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent assortment of chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sister kinetochores attach to the same pole in meiosis I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complete loss of Cyclin B. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing over between homologous chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capture photons and channel light energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosystem 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates a proton gradient for ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G3P (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalyze the fixation of CO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed stomata in hot conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corn and sugarcane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4 pathway occurs during the night (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G3P (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5'-to-3' orientation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiester bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovering the helical structure via X-ray diffraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A = T and C = G (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To halve the chromosome number and produce gametes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nondisjunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may carry different alleles for the same genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases genetic diversity among gametes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They carry different genetic information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows homologous chromosomes to closely associate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid cells that develop into gametes are formed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid cells are formed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leading strand synthesis occurs continuously, while lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous. (B), Leading strand synthesis requires only one primer, while lagging strand synthesis requires multiple primers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Pol I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assist in the formation of the septum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is highly condensed, gene-poor, and transcriptionally silent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensed chromosomes are typically visible during prophase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear envelope begins to break down. (C), Sister chromatids condense into distinct chromosomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To join Okazaki fragments together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear envelope forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic chromosomes contain histones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To hold sister chromatids together until anaphase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleavage furrow formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less condensed chromatin is generally more transcriptionally active. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To phosphorylate proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interactions with positively charged histone proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G2/M checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become oncogenes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is compacted and visible during mitosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are attachment sites for microtubules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having two complete sets of chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To trigger intracellular signaling systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotes have a more complex control system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell plate forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pushing boundaries for mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both copies must be mutated to develop cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generates genetically identical offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides insights into tumor heterogeneity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simple, single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, including bacteria and archaea.

Complex cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

A polymer found in bacterial cell walls, providing support and structure.

Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycan, a unique difference from bacteria.

Region of the nucleus where ribosomes and RNA are synthesized.

Double phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus.

Structure that controls the movement of substances into and out of the nucleus.

Cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.

Series of interconnected membranes that compartmentalize the eukaryotic cell.

Site of protein synthesis due to ribosomes attached to membranes.

Site of lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification.

Organelle that processes, packages, and distributes molecules.

Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down macromolecules.

Organelle responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP.

The inner region of a cell membrane that repels polar molecules but allows non-polar molecules to pass through.

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Specialized channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and transport.

Connections that attach the cytoskeletons of neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix, providing structural support.

Connections that seal the plasma membrane of adjacent cells, preventing leakage and maintaining separate compartments.

Connections that allow for direct communication between cells, either through chemical or electrical signals.

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, supported by a large body of evidence from multiple experiments.

Structures in different organisms that share a common evolutionary origin but may have different functions.

Structures in different organisms that have similar functions but evolved independently.

A discrete unit of hereditary information that codes for a specific trait.

A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants and protists.

A complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi, providing structural support.

Proteins found in animal cell structures, providing support and flexibility.

Sugars attached to lipids on the cell surface, acting as markers that identify different cell types.

Proteins on the cell surface that identify cells as 'self' or 'non-self', crucial for the immune system.

Specialized openings that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing for communication and transport.

Consists of a core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

The types of organisms a virus can infect.

The specific tissues a virus can infect within its host.

Process where a virus hijacks a host cell's machinery to create more viruses, often damaging the cell.

Spiral rod or thread-like shape.

Almost spherical, resembling a soccer ball.

The capacity to do work.

Energy of motion.

Stored energy.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Entropy (disorder) always increases in an isolated system. Energy transformations tend to make things less organized and more stable.

The energy available to do work in a system.

A reaction that requires energy input to occur; positive free energy change (ΔG > 0).

A reaction that releases energy; negative free energy change (ΔG < 0).

The extra energy required to destabilize existing bonds and initiate a chemical reaction.

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or permanently altered.

A metabolic process that occurs when oxygen is not available, where organic molecules act as the final electron acceptor. This process regenerates NAD+ needed for glycolysis.

The process of breaking down pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. This occurs in the presence of oxygen and is a crucial step in cellular respiration.

A series of chemical reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2. This cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle.

A series of membrane-bound electron carriers that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2, generating a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

The movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane driven by the proton gradient, powering the synthesis of ATP.

An enzyme complex that uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

A type of respiration that uses inorganic molecules other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Microorganisms that produce methane (CH4) as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration.

A type of fermentation that occurs in animal cells, producing lactic acid as a byproduct.

The process of removing the amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid.

A process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, generating energy.

The process by which plants and algae convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

The first stage of photosynthesis where light energy is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH.

A green pigment in plants and algae that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Pigments that absorb light energy and can protect chlorophyll from damage.

DNA replication process where new DNA is synthesized continuously along the template strand in the 5' to 3' direction.

DNA replication process where new DNA is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) on the opposite strand.

A short segment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

A DNA polymerase in prokaryotes responsible for the majority of DNA replication.

It removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA during DNA replication.

An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together, forming a continuous DNA strand.

Any agent that increases the rate of mutation in DNA.

An enzyme that repairs thymine dimers in DNA using visible light.

A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

The formation of a septum (a dividing wall) in prokaryotic cells during binary fission.

A protein found in most prokaryotes that forms a ring at the site of cell division.

The complete set of chromosomes in an organism, arranged in a specific order.

A cell or organism with two complete sets of chromosomes.

A cell or organism with one complete set of chromosomes.

The complex of DNA and proteins (histones) that make up chromosomes.

A transmembrane protein-pigment complex in photosynthesis that absorbs light energy and initiates electron transfer.

A network of chlorophyll molecules that captures photons from sunlight and channels them to the reaction center.

The initial step in photosynthesis where a pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light.

The transfer of energy from the light-absorbing pigment molecule to the reaction center.

A process that uses the electron transport chain to generate ATP but not NADPH. It occurs in anoxygenic photosynthesis.

A photosynthetic system involved in the noncyclic electron transport chain that produces NADPH.

A photosynthetic system involved in the noncyclic electron transport chain that generates an oxidation potential to split water.

The primary process of photosynthesis that produces both ATP and NADPH to power the Calvin cycle.

The series of biochemical reactions that fix carbon dioxide into sugars using ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions.

A key enzyme in the Calvin cycle that catalyzes the addition of carbon dioxide to RuBP.

A process that occurs in plants when Rubisco reacts with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, reducing efficiency.

A photosynthetic pathway that separates carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle by time, allowing for efficient water use.

Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) that carry half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

The fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a diploid zygote.

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.

Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes, but may have different alleles (versions of the gene) for those traits.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

The points where crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

The random separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis.

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

A condition in which there is an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, often due to nondisjunction.

The stage of mitosis where the spindle poles move further apart, elongating the cell.

The final stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, the spindle apparatus disassembles, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil.

The process of dividing the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, completing cell division.

The indentation in the cell membrane during animal cytokinesis that pinches off the two daughter cells.

The process by which a new cell wall forms between the two daughter nuclei in plant cytokinesis.

Maturation-promoting factor, a key protein complex that triggers mitosis.

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by binding to and activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

A gene in yeast that encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) critical for cell cycle progression.

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins, playing a key role in regulating the cell cycle.

A key checkpoint where the cell 'decides' to divide and assesses external signals.

A checkpoint where the cell commits to mitosis and ensures DNA replication is complete.

A checkpoint where the cell ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers.

A protein complex that triggers anaphase by marking securin for destruction, allowing separase to break down cohesion and separate sister chromatids.

Signals that stimulate cell division, acting by triggering intracellular signaling systems.

Genes that normally prevent uncontrolled cell growth, but when mutated can lead to cancer.

Normal cellular genes that can become oncogenes when mutated, causing uncontrolled cell growth.

In meiosis I, sister chromatids remain connected at the centromere throughout the process, while cohesion is lost from the chromosome arms during anaphase I. This allows for the separation of homologous chromosomes, a key event in meiosis.

The structural differences between centromere-kinetochore complexes in meiosis I and mitosis are responsible for the monopolar attachment of sister kinetochores to the same pole.

The exact mechanisms are unclear, but it involves the loss of cyclin B and prevention of replication initiation complexes from forming. This ensures that DNA replication only occurs once before the two meiotic divisions.

Because of the random orientation of chromosomes during meiosis I and crossing over, sexually reproducing organisms have much greater genetic variation than asexually reproducing ones. This variation is essential for evolution and adaptation.

During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange pieces, scrambling the genetic material. This process contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

Weak bonds that hold together complementary base pairs in DNA. A-T forms two hydrogen bonds, while G-C forms three.

The sugar-phosphate backbone of a DNA strand, formed by repeating sugar and phosphate units linked by phosphodiester bonds.

The direction in which a single DNA strand extends, from the 5' phosphate end to the 3' hydroxyl end.

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions: one 5'-to-3', the other 3'-to-5'.

The process where each new DNA molecule consists of one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Enzymes that synthesize new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides to an existing strand in the 5'-to-3' direction.

The specific site on a DNA molecule where replication begins in prokaryotes. Replication then proceeds in both directions.

The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during replication, in the same direction as the replication fork.

The DNA strand that is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) during replication, in the opposite direction to the replication fork.