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Questions and Answers
What role do ribosomes play in a cell?
What role do ribosomes play in a cell?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of lipids?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of lipids?
What describes a cell that becomes flaccid?
What describes a cell that becomes flaccid?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
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In photosynthesis, where do light-dependent reactions occur?
In photosynthesis, where do light-dependent reactions occur?
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Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is unique to prokaryotic cells?
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What is the result of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
What is the result of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
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The function of chloroplasts is primarily associated with which process?
The function of chloroplasts is primarily associated with which process?
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Which of the following cells typically contains a cell wall?
Which of the following cells typically contains a cell wall?
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How do molecules move in osmosis?
How do molecules move in osmosis?
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Which part of the cell is responsible for controlling what enters and exits?
Which part of the cell is responsible for controlling what enters and exits?
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What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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Which component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for its fluidity?
Which component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for its fluidity?
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What term describes the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
What term describes the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
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What is a characteristic of a partially permeable membrane?
What is a characteristic of a partially permeable membrane?
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Which statement best defines a turgid cell?
Which statement best defines a turgid cell?
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What primary function does the cell membrane serve in a cell?
What primary function does the cell membrane serve in a cell?
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Which structure is responsible for producing glucose through photosynthesis?
Which structure is responsible for producing glucose through photosynthesis?
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What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following statements is true about plant cells compared to animal cells?
Which of the following statements is true about plant cells compared to animal cells?
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In plant cells, what is the role of the large permanent vacuole?
In plant cells, what is the role of the large permanent vacuole?
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Which of the following describes a fully functional ribosome?
Which of the following describes a fully functional ribosome?
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What characteristic does a cell wall provide to plant cells?
What characteristic does a cell wall provide to plant cells?
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What is a characteristic of partially permeable membranes?
What is a characteristic of partially permeable membranes?
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Study Notes
Dilute Solutions
- A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
Flaccid Cells
- A flaccid cell has a low internal pressure, causing the cytoplasm to lose its outward pressure against the cell membrane and cell wall (in plants).
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.
- It always occurs from a region of high solvent concentration (dilute solution) to a region of low solvent concentration (concentrated solution).
Partially Permeable Membranes
- A partially permeable membrane selectively allows certain small particles to pass through while blocking larger particles.
Turgid Cells
- A turgid cell has a high internal pressure, causing the cytoplasm to push outwards against the cell membrane and cell wall (in plants).
Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack membrane-bound organelles.
- Simple internal structures.
- Unicellular organisms like bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Contain membrane-bound organelles.
- Found in most living organisms.
Cell Membrane
- Thin outer layer that controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell.
Cell Wall
- Provides protection and structural support to the cell.
- Made of cellulose in plant cells.
Chloroplast
- Site of photosynthesis, responsible for producing food.
- Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures light energy.
Cytoplasm
- Jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
- Where most cell activities take place.
Mitochondrion
- Site of respiration, where energy is released from glucose using oxygen.
- Not visible with a light microscope.
Nucleus
- Controls the cell's activities.
- Contains chromosomes, which carry genetic information.
Ribosome
- Makes proteins.
- Not visible with a light microscope.
Vacuole
- Provides structural support in plant cells.
- Stores water and nutrients.
- Large and permanent in plant cells.
Concentration Gradient
- Difference in concentration of molecules between two regions in a solution.
Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.
Levels of Organization in Organisms
- Cells are the basic building blocks.
- Tissues are groups of similar cells working together.
- Organs are made up of different tissues working together.
- Organ Systems are groups of organs working together.
- Organisms are complete living beings.
Key Definitions
- Cell membrane: The outer layer of a cell that controls what enters and leaves.
- Cell wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that provides support and protection.
- Chlorophyll: A green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
- Chloroplast: The organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
- Chromosome: A structure in the nucleus that carries genetic material.
- Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains organelles.
- Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
- Gene: A section of DNA that controls a specific trait.
- Mitochondrion: The organelle where respiration takes place.
- Nucleus: The control center of the cell.
- Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell with a specific function.
- Partially permeable membrane: A membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others.
- Ribosome: The organelle where protein synthesis occurs.
- Vacuole: A fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm.
Diffusion
- Random movement and spreading of particles.
- Net movement from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.
Mitosis
- Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Used for growth and repair.
Meiosis
- Cell division that produces four non-identical daughter cells.
- Used for sexual reproduction.
Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis produces two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
- Mitosis only involves one cell division, while meiosis involves two cell divisions.
- Mitosis is used for growth and repair, while meiosis is used for sexual reproduction.
Ribosomes
- Composed of RNA and protein.
- The sites of protein synthesis.
Types of RNA
- mRNA (messenger RNA): carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
- tRNA (transfer RNA): carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): forms part of the ribosome structure.
Steps of Protein Synthesis
- Transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
- Translation: mRNA is translated into a protein.
Translation
- Process of converting mRNA into a protein sequence.
- Occurs at the ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- A network of membranes within the cytoplasm.
- Two types:
- Rough ER (RER): studded with ribosomes. Involved in protein synthesis and modification.
- Smooth ER (SER): lacks ribosomes. Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Golgi Body/Golgi Apparatus
- Stacks of flattened membrane-bound sacs.
- Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins and lipids produced by the ER.
The Endomembrane System
- Network of interconnected organelles that work together for the production, modification, and transport of molecules within the cell.
- Includes:
- ER
- Golgi apparatus
- Nuclear envelope
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
Chloroplast
- Site of photosynthesis.
- Contains chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
- Occurs in two stages:
- The light-dependent reaction (light reaction): requires light energy.
- The Calvin cycle (dark reaction): does not require light energy.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Take place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
- Steps:
- Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, exciting electrons.
- Water molecules are split, releasing oxygen and electrons.
- Electrons move through an electron transport chain (ETC), generating energy to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen.
- Protons flow back into the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
- Electrons combine with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH.
Calvin Cycle/ Dark Reaction
- Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
- Steps:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the stroma and combines with RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate), a 5-carbon sugar, forming an unstable 6-carbon molecule.
- The 6-carbon molecule breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules of PGA (phosphoglycerate).
- PGA is converted into G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) using energy from ATP and NADPH formed in the light-dependent reaction.
- Some G3P is used to produce glucose, while the rest is used to regenerate RuBP, ensuring the cycle continues.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the concepts of dilute solutions, osmosis, and the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It covers the behavior of flaccid and turgid cells as well as the function of partially permeable membranes. Test your knowledge on these essential biological principles.
