Biology Chapter: Solutions and Membrane Transport
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Questions and Answers

What causes a cell to swell?

Hypotonic solution

What doesn't change the shape of a cell?

Isotonic solution

What causes osmosis?

Hypotonic solution and hypertonic solution

What causes a cell to shrink?

<p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a channel protein?

<p>Transport protein that provides a tubelike opening in the plasma membrane through which particles can diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy used for in transport?

<p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of endocytosis?

<p>Pinocytosis and phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

<p>Particle movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is exocytosis?

<p>Process by which a cell expels wastes from a vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>A form of passive transport that uses transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>Particle movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>The diffusion of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypotonic solution?

<p>The concentration of dissolved particles is lower outside the cell than inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypertonic solution?

<p>The concentration of dissolved particles is higher outside the cell than inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotonic solution?

<p>The concentrations of dissolved particles (solute) are the same both inside and outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is turgor pressure?

<p>The pressure exerted by the contents of a plant cell against the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmotic pressure?

<p>The force exerted by water outside the cell membrane in plant cells and on both sides of the cell membrane in animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does osmosis stop?

<p>When pressure on both sides of the cell membrane is equal or when cells are placed in an isotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

<p>The part of a solution that is dissolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is concentration?

<p>The ratio of solute to solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor controls the direction water molecules move during osmosis?

<p>Concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a cell is in a hypotonic solution, how will water molecules move?

<p>Water will move inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a cell is in a hypertonic solution, how will water molecules move?

<p>A lot of water going out but little coming in</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a cell is in an isotonic solution, how will water molecules move?

<p>They will move at equal rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hypotonic and hypertonic solutions affect plants?

<p>Hypotonic will make that plant rigid and firm and hypertonic will shrink the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of active transport?

<p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells release large amounts of material in a process called?

<p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an amoeba get its food?

<p>It moves its pseudopodia around the food particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keeps plant and bacterial cells from bursting due to osmotic pressure?

<p>The cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three types of organisms have cell walls?

<p>Fungi, plants, and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cell wall?

<p>Provides support and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plant cell walls composed of?

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

<p>A mixture of two or more substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define diffusion.

<p>Movement of particles from one area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the particles are the same throughout, what has been reached?

<p>Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion depends on what type of particle movements?

<p>Random</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a substance is able to diffuse across a membrane, what is said about the membrane?

<p>The membrane is said to be permeable to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the movement of dissolved molecules across the membrane?

<p>The cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>When proteins help molecules move across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Solutions and Osmosis

  • A hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell due to a lower concentration of dissolved particles outside than inside the cell.
  • An isotonic solution maintains a cell's shape as the concentration of dissolved particles is equal inside and outside the cell.
  • A hypertonic solution results in a cell shrinking because the concentration of dissolved particles is higher outside the cell.

Membrane Transport Mechanisms

  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
  • Active transport involves moving particles against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
  • Passive transport includes mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, where particles move from higher to lower concentration without energy.
  • Channel proteins provide pathways for particles to diffuse across the plasma membrane, while carrier proteins change shape to transport specific molecules.

Types of Transport Processes

  • Endocytosis refers to the process where a cell takes in materials via vacuole formation; phagocytosis and pinocytosis are two types of endocytosis.
  • Exocytosis is when a cell expels waste material from a vacuole.
  • Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport utilizing transport proteins.

Water Movements in Cells

  • In a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell, increasing turgor pressure and causing plant cells to become rigid.
  • In a hypertonic solution, water exits the cell, leading to cell shrinkage and wilting in plants due to loss of turgor pressure.
  • Osmotic pressure is the force exerted by water on the cell membranes, influencing cell volume.

Concentration and Solvent

  • Concentration signifies the ratio of solute (dissolved substance) to solvent (dissolving medium, primarily water).
  • The universal solvent is water, which effectively dissolves most substances.
  • Percent concentration of solvent can be calculated by subtracting the percent concentration of solute from 100%.

Cell Membrane Structure and Function

  • The cell membrane regulates movement of dissolved molecules and separates the cell from surroundings.
  • It contains lipid molecules forming a lipid bilayer and assembles as a mosaic structure through various proteins.
  • Organisms like fungi, plants, and bacteria possess a cell wall, which provides support and protection.

Diffusion and Equilibrium

  • Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, not requiring energy.
  • Equilibrium occurs when particles are evenly distributed throughout a space.
  • If a membrane is permeable to a substance, that substance can diffuse across it.

Effects of Osmotic Pressure

  • Cells in freshwater are hypertonic and experience a net movement of water into them, which may cause them to swell or burst without the restraining effect of a cell wall.
  • Plant and bacteria cells resist bursting due to osmotic pressure thanks to their cell walls, which provide structural integrity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on solutions, osmosis, and membrane transport mechanisms. This quiz covers hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions, as well as the different transport processes in cells. Challenge yourself and reinforce your understanding of cellular processes!

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