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Questions and Answers
Which cell organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which cell organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the body?
Which type of tissue is composed of cells of the same kind?
Which type of tissue is composed of cells of the same kind?
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What is the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function called?
What is the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function called?
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Which of the following is an example of an organ system?
Which of the following is an example of an organ system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of chloroplasts?
Which of the following is NOT a function of chloroplasts?
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Which of the following statements about smooth endoplasmic reticulum is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about smooth endoplasmic reticulum is TRUE?
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What is the primary role of the xylem in a plant?
What is the primary role of the xylem in a plant?
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Which substance is essential for blood clotting and is found in plasma?
Which substance is essential for blood clotting and is found in plasma?
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What characteristic of red blood cells enhances their ability to transport oxygen?
What characteristic of red blood cells enhances their ability to transport oxygen?
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How do substances primarily move between cell to cell in the leaf?
How do substances primarily move between cell to cell in the leaf?
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What is the primary function of plasma in the human transport system?
What is the primary function of plasma in the human transport system?
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What type of organism primarily relies on diffusion for movement of materials?
What type of organism primarily relies on diffusion for movement of materials?
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What is the composition of blood plasma primarily made up of?
What is the composition of blood plasma primarily made up of?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of red blood cells?
Which of the following is NOT a component of red blood cells?
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What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
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Which of the following cellular components is responsible for energy production?
Which of the following cellular components is responsible for energy production?
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What is a difference between plant and animal cells regarding cell structure?
What is a difference between plant and animal cells regarding cell structure?
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Which structure in a plant cell is essential for photosynthesis?
Which structure in a plant cell is essential for photosynthesis?
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How does the plasma membrane regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell?
How does the plasma membrane regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell?
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What is the primary role of vacuoles in animal cells?
What is the primary role of vacuoles in animal cells?
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Which component is often found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which component is often found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the primary function of the cytoplasm in a cell?
What is the primary function of the cytoplasm in a cell?
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Study Notes
Cells
- Basic unit of life
- Animal cells have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
- Plant cells have a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, vacuole, and amyloplasts.
Plant vs Animal Cells
- Cell wall: Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.
- Vacuole: Larger central vacuole in plant cells, small and numerous vacuoles in animal cells.
- Chloroplasts: Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.
- Centrioles: Present in animal cells, absent in plant cells (generally).
Parts & Their Functions
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell activities; includes nucleolus and chromatin.
- Cytoplasm: Site of chemical reactions, contains water, dissolved proteins, sugars, enzymes, and organelles, mostly water.
- Mitochondria: Rod-shaped, carry out cellular respiration, release energy for cell activities.
- Plasma membrane: Surrounds the cell, partially permeable, controls passage of substances.
- Cell wall: Provides support and protection for plant cells, made of cellulose.
Specialized Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems
- Specialized cell: A cell with a specific function determined by its structure
- Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a specific function
- Organ: A structure composed of several types of tissues working together.
- System: Multiple organs working together
Nutrients
- Importance: Provide energy, raw materials for new cells, and help organisms stay healthy.
- Functions of water: Solvent for chemical reactions, key component of cells, tissues, and fluids, regulates blood temperature, transports dissolved substances.
- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Food Tests
- Benedict's Test: Tests for reducing sugars (e.g., glucose).
- Iodine Test: Tests for starch.
- Biuret Test: Tests for protein.
- Ethanol Emulsion Test: Tests for fats.
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Characteristics: Speed up reactions, required in minute amounts, specific in action.
- Lock-and-key hypothesis describes how enzymes and substrates interact.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Temperature: Optimum temperature exists where the enzyme’s activity is maximum.
- pH: Optimum pH exists where the enzyme’s activity is maximum.
- Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction until substrate concentration becomes the limiting factor.
- Substrate concentration: Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction until enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor.
Nutrition in Humans
- Processes: Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
- Alimentary canal: Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, ileum, colon, rectum, anus.
Digestive System
- Mouth: Chewing, saliva (salivary amylase)
- Esophagus: Peristalsis
- Stomach: Gastric juice, hydrochloric acid, pepsin; chyme
- Small intestine: Pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal enzymes; absorption
- Large intestine: Water and mineral absorption; feces
Photosynthesis
- Process where light energy is converted to chemical energy (glucose) using water and carbon dioxide.
- Word equation: Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen.
Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
- Light intensity: Rate increases proportionally with light intensity up to a point, then plateaus.
- Carbon dioxide concentration: Rate increases proportionately with CO2 concentration up to a point, then plateaus.
- Temperature: Optimum temperature exists where the rate of photosynthesis is maximum; rate decreases outside that temperature.
Respiration in Humans
- Aerobic respiration: Complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
- Word equation: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
- Anaerobic respiration: Partial breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Transport in Humans
- Structure of blood: Plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets
- Composition of blood: Dissolved substances (nutrients, wastes), proteins, salts, and water
- Function of blood: Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste products, and heat.
- Blood vessels: Arteries, veins, capillaries (different structures and functions)
Circulation
- Path of blood: Heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
- Blood pressure and flow: Difference in pressure drives flow; valves prevent backflow
- Transport in plants: Xylem (water and minerals) and phloem (sugars and amino acids)
- Transpiration pull, root pressure, capillary action
Respiration in Humans
- Aerobic respiration: complete breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen, lots of energy
- Anaerobic respiration: partial breakdown of food without oxygen, less energy
Respiratory System
- Nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli; gas exchange
- Inspiration: intake of air
- Expiration: output of air
- Mechanisms: diaphragm, intercostal muscles
Reproduction in Plants
- Asexual reproduction: Offspring genetically identical to parent (e.g., budding, runners)
- Sexual reproduction: Offspring genetically different from parent (e.g., flowers, seeds)
- Parts of a flower: Flower stalk, petals, sepals, stamens (anthers and filaments), carpels (stigma, style, ovary)
- Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma
- Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg
Reproduction in Humans - Male
- Male reproductive system: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, penis
- Sperm production: Testes; testosterone production
- Sperm structure: Head, mid-piece, tail
Reproduction in Humans - Female
- Female reproductive system: Ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, labia
- Egg production and release: Ovaries produce eggs; ovulation
- Parts of the female reproductive system: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
- Fertilization: meeting of egg and sperm within the fallopian tube
Diseases
- Coronary heart disease: Blockage of coronary arteries reduces blood flow to heart, potentially leading to death
- COPD: Lung diseases (e.g., bronchitis, emphysema) affect air flow
- Lung cancer: Cancer in lung tissues
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infections transmitted through sexual contact
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key functions of cell organelles and tissues in this quiz. Explore concepts like protein synthesis, the role of the Golgi apparatus, and cellular specialization. Perfect for students studying biology at an introductory level.
