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Questions and Answers
What is the process of water movement through a semipermeable membrane called?
What is the process of water movement through a semipermeable membrane called?
What happens to the water in potato cup B after adding sugar?
What happens to the water in potato cup B after adding sugar?
Why is potato cup A important in the osmosis experiment?
Why is potato cup A important in the osmosis experiment?
What prevents osmosis from occurring in potato cup A?
What prevents osmosis from occurring in potato cup A?
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What occurs in potato cup C after the addition of salt?
What occurs in potato cup C after the addition of salt?
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What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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Which statement distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
Which statement distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
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What is NOT a feature of eukaryotic cells?
What is NOT a feature of eukaryotic cells?
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How do amoebas obtain their food?
How do amoebas obtain their food?
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Which difference is true regarding the size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which difference is true regarding the size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?
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What is a common feature of animal cells?
What is a common feature of animal cells?
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What mechanism separates daughter cells in plant cell division?
What mechanism separates daughter cells in plant cell division?
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Which organelles contain their own genetic material?
Which organelles contain their own genetic material?
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Why is the plasma membrane considered selectively permeable?
Why is the plasma membrane considered selectively permeable?
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Who was the scientist that first discovered cells?
Who was the scientist that first discovered cells?
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What occurs if the organization of a cell is severely damaged?
What occurs if the organization of a cell is severely damaged?
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Why are lysosomes referred to as 'suicide bags'?
Why are lysosomes referred to as 'suicide bags'?
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What happens if the plasma membrane is ruptured?
What happens if the plasma membrane is ruptured?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What role do ribosomes play in a cell?
What role do ribosomes play in a cell?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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Why are mitochondria referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?
Why are mitochondria referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?
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Where are lipids that compose the cell membrane synthesized?
Where are lipids that compose the cell membrane synthesized?
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How do CO2 and O2 typically move in and out of cells?
How do CO2 and O2 typically move in and out of cells?
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Which characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for producing proteins for the cell membrane?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for producing proteins for the cell membrane?
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What happens to the concentration of CO2 during respiration inside the cell?
What happens to the concentration of CO2 during respiration inside the cell?
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What do prokaryotic cells lack that eukaryotic cells possess?
What do prokaryotic cells lack that eukaryotic cells possess?
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Study Notes
Fundamental Unit of Life: Key Concepts
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Organelles with Genetic Material: Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA, distinguishing them from other organelles.
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Site of Protein Synthesis: Proteins are synthesized in ribosomes, which can be found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Discovery of Cells
- Robert Hooke: An English scientist who discovered cells in 1665 using a self-designed microscope to observe cork.
Celular Structure and Function
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Cell as a Unit of Life: Cells are the foundational building blocks of all living organisms, responsible for all life processes.
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Plasma Membrane: Characterized as selectively permeable, made of lipids and proteins, controlling the entry and exit of molecules.
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Cell Death Mechanism: If a cell’s organization is disrupted, lysosomes can release digestive enzymes, leading to cellular self-digestion and death.
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Lysosomes: Known as "suicide bags," they contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion, which can also lead to cell destruction if released.
Importance of Golgi Apparatus
- Role of Golgi Apparatus: Essential for the modification, packaging, and transport of cellular materials. Without it, cells cannot effectively manage biochemical substances.
Energy Production
- Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, they generate ATP through respiration, crucial for cellular energy.
Membrane Components
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Synthesis of Cell Membrane Components:
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Synthesizes lipids.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Gas Exchange Mechanism
- Diffusion of Gases: CO2 and O2 move across cell membranes through diffusion, with CO2 being produced in respiration and O2 consumed.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells: Typically smaller (1-10μm), have no defined nuclear membrane, single chromosome, and lack membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryotic Cells: Generally larger (5-100μm), possess a well-defined nuclear membrane, multiple chromosomes, and contain membrane-bound organelles.
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
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Structural Differences:
- Plant Cells: Have a cell wall, plastids, large vacuoles, and form daughter cells via cell plate.
- Animal Cells: Lack a cell wall, no plastids, smaller vacuoles, and form daughter cells by constriction.
Feeding Mechanism
- Amoeba Feeding: Uses pseudopodia to envelop planktonic bacteria and forms a food vacuole for digestion.
Osmosis Explained
- Definition of Osmosis: Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high to low water concentration, crucial for cellular processes.
Osmosis Experiment with Potatoes
- Observation of Osmosis: Adding sugar or salt creates a hypertonic solution that draws water into the potato cups (B and C).
- Control: Cup A serves as a control to demonstrate osmotic differences, while cup D (boiled potato) shows altered permeability but no osmotic effect.
Expectations from the Experiment
- Water Accumulation Reasons: Occurs in cups containing sugar or salt due to the osmotic pressure.
- No Water Accumulation: In cups A and D, due to lack of a solution to facilitate osmosis.
These notes capture the key elements and concepts from the Chapter on the Fundamental Unit of Life, essential for Class 9 Science students.
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Test your understanding of Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life from Class 9 Science. This quiz features very short answer and short answer questions that will challenge your knowledge on key concepts such as organelles and protein synthesis.