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Questions and Answers
There are _______ that vary in shape and size.
There are _______ that vary in shape and size.
75 trillion
What are the main parts of a composite cell?
What are the main parts of a composite cell?
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
What are organelles?
What are organelles?
specialized structures that perform specific functions
What is the liquid in cytoplasm called?
What is the liquid in cytoplasm called?
What does the cell (plasma) membrane do?
What does the cell (plasma) membrane do?
What are the general characteristics of the cell membrane?
What are the general characteristics of the cell membrane?
What is the surface model of the cell membrane called?
What is the surface model of the cell membrane called?
What is the basic framework of the cell membrane?
What is the basic framework of the cell membrane?
What molecules can pass through the cell membrane?
What molecules can pass through the cell membrane?
What things cannot pass through the cell membrane?
What things cannot pass through the cell membrane?
What strengthens the cell membrane?
What strengthens the cell membrane?
What makes the membrane less permeable?
What makes the membrane less permeable?
What are the types of proteins in the membrane?
What are the types of proteins in the membrane?
What are protein receptors responsible for?
What are protein receptors responsible for?
Proteins help with the ______ of molecules and ions.
Proteins help with the ______ of molecules and ions.
What happens when Na channels malfunction?
What happens when Na channels malfunction?
What happens when Cl channels malfunction?
What happens when Cl channels malfunction?
Proteins _______ supportive rods and tubules.
Proteins _______ supportive rods and tubules.
What do glycoproteins help with?
What do glycoproteins help with?
What are cellular adhesion molecules?
What are cellular adhesion molecules?
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
What is the endoplasmic reticulum made up of?
What is the endoplasmic reticulum made up of?
What is the transport system inside the cell?
What is the transport system inside the cell?
What is rough ER characterized by?
What is rough ER characterized by?
What is smooth ER characterized by?
What is smooth ER characterized by?
What are ribosomes composed of?
What are ribosomes composed of?
What gives structural support and enzymes for RNA molecules in protein synthesis?
What gives structural support and enzymes for RNA molecules in protein synthesis?
What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?
What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?
The Golgi apparatus can be compared to what?
The Golgi apparatus can be compared to what?
The ER can be compared to what?
The ER can be compared to what?
What refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins?
What refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins?
Vesicles formed on the ER travel to _______.
Vesicles formed on the ER travel to _______.
The vesicles join to the?
The vesicles join to the?
What is a transport vesicle?
What is a transport vesicle?
What is a membrane vesicle?
What is a membrane vesicle?
What are secretory vesicles?
What are secretory vesicles?
What is vesicle trafficking?
What is vesicle trafficking?
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
What are double membrane sacs?
What are double membrane sacs?
How does mitochondria reproduce?
How does mitochondria reproduce?
What has enzymes needed for aerobic respiration?
What has enzymes needed for aerobic respiration?
What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded into?
What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded into?
What holds the enzymes to make ATP?
What holds the enzymes to make ATP?
Mitochondria has _____?
Mitochondria has _____?
Mitochondria's DNA is?
Mitochondria's DNA is?
What are the garbage disposals of the cell?
What are the garbage disposals of the cell?
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are ______ bound vesicles.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are ______ bound vesicles.
What do lysosomes contain?
What do lysosomes contain?
What contains enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol?
What contains enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol?
Peroxisomes are abundant in which organs?
Peroxisomes are abundant in which organs?
What are the thin threadlike structures that form the cytoskeleton of the cell?
What are the thin threadlike structures that form the cytoskeleton of the cell?
Microfilaments are?
Microfilaments are?
What does actin do?
What does actin do?
Microtubules are?
Microtubules are?
What is tubulin?
What is tubulin?
What is a centrosome?
What is a centrosome?
Centrosomes are made of?
Centrosomes are made of?
What function do centrosomes serve during mitosis?
What function do centrosomes serve during mitosis?
What are cilia and flagella?
What are cilia and flagella?
Cilia and flagella are microtubules in what arrangement?
Cilia and flagella are microtubules in what arrangement?
What are cilia?
What are cilia?
What is a flagellum?
What is a flagellum?
What are vesicles?
What are vesicles?
What houses DNA?
What houses DNA?
The cell nucleus is bounded by?
The cell nucleus is bounded by?
The cell nucleus has large nuclear pores made of proteins that?
The cell nucleus has large nuclear pores made of proteins that?
What is the fluid inside the cell nucleus called?
What is the fluid inside the cell nucleus called?
What is the nucleolus made of?
What is the nucleolus made of?
What is the site of ribosome production?
What is the site of ribosome production?
Chromatin is made of?
Chromatin is made of?
What does chromatin do in cell division?
What does chromatin do in cell division?
Where is chromatin found?
Where is chromatin found?
What are pluripotent cells?
What are pluripotent cells?
What are multipotent cells?
What are multipotent cells?
What does the cell membrane control?
What does the cell membrane control?
Movement through cells can be?
Movement through cells can be?
Passive transport does?
Passive transport does?
Active transport does?
Active transport does?
What are the forms of passive movements?
What are the forms of passive movements?
What are the forms of active movements?
What are the forms of active movements?
Diffusion is the random?
Diffusion is the random?
What involves movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium occurs?
What involves movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium occurs?
What moves down concentration gradient?
What moves down concentration gradient?
Diffusion depends on two things:
Diffusion depends on two things:
What enables oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between air and blood in the lungs and between blood and cells?
What enables oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between air and blood in the lungs and between blood and cells?
What uses membrane proteins as carriers to move molecules across the cell membrane?
What uses membrane proteins as carriers to move molecules across the cell membrane?
What are examples of facilitated diffusion?
What are examples of facilitated diffusion?
What moves high to low—number of carrier molecules limits the rate?
What moves high to low—number of carrier molecules limits the rate?
What is diffusion in which water moves from an area of greater concentration across a selectively permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration?
What is diffusion in which water moves from an area of greater concentration across a selectively permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration?
What is the solvent in osmosis?
What is the solvent in osmosis?
What is the solute in osmosis?
What is the solute in osmosis?
Osmotic pressure of a solution depends on?
Osmotic pressure of a solution depends on?
What happens when there are higher solutes?
What happens when there are higher solutes?
What happens when there are lower solutes?
What happens when there are lower solutes?
What is a solution with the same osmotic pressure?
What is a solution with the same osmotic pressure?
What is a solution with higher solute?
What is a solution with higher solute?
What can hypertonic solutions cause?
What can hypertonic solutions cause?
What is a solution with lower solute?
What is a solution with lower solute?
What can hypotonic solutions cause?
What can hypotonic solutions cause?
What is filtration?
What is filtration?
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Study Notes
General Cell Overview
- Approximately 75 trillion cells vary in shape and size within the human body.
- Composite cells consist of three main parts: nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
Organelle Functions
- Organelles are specialized structures performing specific cellular functions.
- The cytoplasm contains cytosol, cytoskeleton, networks of membranes, and organelles.
Cell Membrane Characteristics
- The plasma membrane is thin, selectively permeable, and has a complex surface described by the fluid mosaic model.
- It consists of a double layer of phospholipids with fatty acid tails facing inward.
- Molecules that can pass include gases and lipid-soluble substances; water-soluble molecules and large proteins cannot.
Membrane Proteins and Functions
- Membrane proteins include transmembrane and peripheral proteins which assist in signal transduction and molecule passage.
- Cholesterol strengthens the membrane and makes it less permeable.
- Glycoproteins aid in cell identification and cellular adhesion molecules determine interactions with other cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The ER serves as the transport system within the cell, connecting to the cell and nuclear membranes.
- Rough ER contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes are made of protein and RNA, providing structural support during protein synthesis.
- The Golgi apparatus refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins, likened to FedEx.
Mitochondria
- Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria have a double membrane, reproduce by division, and contain enzymes for aerobic respiration.
- The inner membrane is folded into cristae, which hold enzymes for ATP production and mitochondria possess circular DNA.
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes for cellular debris and bacteria breakdown.
- Peroxisomes contain enzymes for synthesizing bile acids and detoxification, abundant in kidney and liver cells.
Cytoskeleton Structure
- Microfilaments (actin) support cellular movement while microtubules (tubulin) are found in cilia and flagella.
- Centrosomes, composed of centrioles, assist in chromosome separation during mitosis.
Cellular Movement
- Movement through cells can be passive or active. Passive movement does not require energy, while active movement does.
- Forms of passive movement include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
Diffusion and Osmosis
- Diffusion involves the random motion of molecules from higher to lower concentration until equilibrium.
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, where the solvent can move but the solute cannot.
Solutions and Osmotic Pressure
- Solutions with the same osmotic pressure are isotonic; hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentration leading to crenation, while hypotonic solutions have lower concentration, causing hemolysis.
Filtration
- Filtration is the movement of small molecules through membranes driven by hydrostatic pressure, with larger molecules unable to pass.
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