NCERT - STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of tissues in multicellular organisms?

  • To create a new organism
  • To increase the size of cells
  • To perform all functions in the organism
  • To perform a specific function (correct)

    • The human body is composed of millions of cells to perform various functions.

    False

    Name the four basic types of tissues found in complex animals.

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

    Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems exhibit ___ of labor.

    <p>division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their definitions:

    <p>Cell = Basic unit of life Tissue = Group of similar cells performing a function Organ = Structure composed of one or more types of tissues Organ System = Group of organs working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in the body includes the stomach and intestines?

    <p>Digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All multicellular organisms consist of the same types of tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do organ systems play in multicellular organisms?

    <p>They perform a common function through the interaction of organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is NOT found in the heart?

    <p>Cartilaginous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs are warm-blooded animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary color of the dorsal side of a frog's body?

    <p>Olive green with dark irregular spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the protective coloration that helps frogs hide from their enemies?

    <p>mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs drink water by swallowing it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs experience ________ during extremely hot or cold weather to protect themselves.

    <p>aestivation and hibernation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to frogs with their definitions:

    <p>Epithelial = Type of tissue that covers body surfaces Amphibia = Class of animals including frogs Poikilotherm = An animal whose body temperature varies with the environment Mucus = Substance that keeps frog skin moist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in frogs helps to protect their eyes while in water?

    <p>Nictitating membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body of a frog is divisible into the ______ and ______.

    <p>head, trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common species of frog found in India?

    <p>Rana tigrina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes male frogs from female frogs?

    <p>The presence of vocal sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have dry skin that helps in their land habitat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organ systems of frogs with their functions:

    <p>Digestive system = Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients Excretory system = Removes waste products Circulatory system = Transports blood and nutrients Nervous system = Controls body functions and responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'morphology' refer to in the context of frogs?

    <p>study of form or externally visible features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forelimbs of frogs have five digits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the liver in a frog?

    <p>Secretes bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers does a frog's heart have?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog's blood is composed of plasma, white blood cells, and platelets, but lacks red blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these glands is not found in frogs?

    <p>Pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure joins the right atrium in a frog's heart?

    <p>sinus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have an external ear.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog excretes _____, making it a ureotelic animal.

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three divisions of the frog's brain.

    <p>Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Hepatic portal system = Connection between liver and intestine Renal portal system = Connection between kidney and lower body Uriniferous tubules = Functional units of kidneys Pericardium = Membrane covering the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog's internal ears are organs responsible for hearing and ______________.

    <p>balancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the conus arteriosus in a frog's heart?

    <p>It is a sac-like structure through which the ventricle opens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the frog's nervous system with their descriptions:

    <p>Forebrain = Contains olfactory lobes and cerebral hemispheres Midbrain = Characterized by optic lobes Hindbrain = Includes cerebellum and medulla oblongata Spinal cord = Continuity with the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog kidneys are situated anteriorly in the body cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in frogs?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cells are nucleated in frogs?

    <p>Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's brain is enclosed in a structure called the cranium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in a frog?

    <p>Regulating basic bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the study of morphology in animals?

    <p>Anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have constant body temperature, regardless of the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common species of frog found in India?

    <p>Rana tigrina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs use ____________ to change color and hide from their enemies.

    <p>mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Aestivation = Protection from heat during summer Hibernation = Protection from cold during winter Poikilotherm = An organism whose body temperature varies with the environment Morphology = Study of form and structure of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the skin of a frog?

    <p>It is smooth and slippery due to mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs take shelter during extreme weather to avoid summer sleep and winter sleep.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of sleep that frogs experience during extreme environmental conditions?

    <p>Aestivation and hibernation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system of frogs?

    <p>Produce pancreatic juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs perform respiration solely through their lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the partially digested food passed from the stomach to the small intestine?

    <p>chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary respiratory organ for frogs on land is the __________.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their functions:

    <p>Pancreas = Produces pancreatic juice Stomach = Secretes gastric juices and HCl Intestine = Absorbs digested food Gall bladder = Stores bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bile in the digestive process?

    <p>Emulsify fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rectum in frogs functions to store undigested solid waste before excretion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration occurs in frogs during aestivation and hibernation?

    <p>cutaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the testes to the cloaca in male frogs?

    <p>Vasa efferentia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization in frogs occurs internally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of ova a mature female frog can lay at one time?

    <p>2500 to 3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a median chamber in frogs used for excreting faecal matter, urine, and sperm.

    <p>cloaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reproductive structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Ovaries = Produce ova Testes = Produce sperm Oviducts = Transport ova to the cloaca Bidder's canal = Connects to the cloaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about frog skin is true?

    <p>It is highly vascularized and contains mucous glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the larval stage of frogs that undergoes metamorphosis.

    <p>Tadpole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of frogs in the ecosystem is to serve as a food source for humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary blood vessel that collects oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart in frogs?

    <p>Pulmonary vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs excrete ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the heart in frogs?

    <p>pericardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland found in frogs?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have an external ear structure visible from the outside.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ connects the liver to the intestines in frogs.

    <p>hepatic portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following frog organ systems with their primary functions:

    <p>Circulatory system = Transporting blood and nutrients Excretory system = Removing waste Nervous system = Control and coordination Endocrine system = Hormonal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the frog's nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's forebrain includes the __________ and _________ hemispheres.

    <p>olfactory lobes, cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cells in frogs contain hemoglobin?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog kidneys are bean-shaped structures located in the anterior region of the body cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the frog's brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Forebrain = Processes smells Midbrain = Handles vision Hind-brain = Controls balance and coordination Medulla oblongata = Regulates vital functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve system is responsible for involuntary actions in frogs?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functional units of the frog's kidney called?

    <p>nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in frogs is enclosed in the cranium?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's medulla oblongata does not continue into the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the study of form or externally visible features?

    <p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs are warm-blooded animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called during which frogs become inactive to escape extreme temperatures?

    <p>aestivation and hibernation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin of a frog is smooth and slippery due to the presence of __________.

    <p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Aestivation = Summer sleep to escape heat Hibernation = Winter sleep to escape cold Camouflage = Protective coloration to blend in Poikilotherm = Animal with variable body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability allows frogs to change color for protection against predators?

    <p>Camouflage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common species of frog found in India is Rana tigrina.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class and phylum do frogs belong to?

    <p>Class Amphibia, Phylum Chordata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the dorsal side of a frog's body?

    <p>Olive green with dark irregular spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs drink water by swallowing it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps frogs swim efficiently?

    <p>Webbed digits on their feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's forelimbs end in _____ digits.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organ systems of frogs with their primary functions:

    <p>Digestive System = Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients Circulatory System = Transports blood and nutrients Nervous System = Controls body functions and responses Respiratory System = Facilitates gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a frog's anatomy is specifically involved in sound reception?

    <p>Tympanum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes male frogs from female frogs?

    <p>Presence of vocal sacs and a copulatory pad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mouth of a frog opens into the _____ cavity before leading to the esophagus.

    <p>buccal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pericardium in a frog's heart?

    <p>To protect the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have a closed circulatory system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of blood that carries oxygen?

    <p>hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, __________, and urinary bladder.

    <p>cloaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the frog's circulatory system with their functions:

    <p>Vena Cava = Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart Conus Arteriosus = Distributes blood to the arteries Hepatic Portal System = Links liver and intestine Renal Portal System = Connects kidneys and lower body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the frog's heart joins the right atrium?

    <p>Sinus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog kidneys are located anteriorly in the body cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs excrete __________ as their nitrogenous waste.

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands are present in frogs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain of a frog is arranged in three parts: fore-brain, mid-brain, and hind-brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two types of systems in the nervous organization of frogs.

    <p>Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs lack an external ear; they only have a _____ for hearing.

    <p>tympanum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each part of the frog's nervous system with its respective characteristic:

    <p>Forebrain = Includes olfactory lobes and cerebral hemispheres Midbrain = Contains a pair of optic lobes Hind-brain = Composed of cerebellum and medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ in frogs is responsible for balance and hearing?

    <p>Tympanum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves do frogs have?

    <p>Ten pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs possess well-organized sense organs including complex eyes and internal ears.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cloaca in frogs?

    <p>Excretion of waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization in frogs occurs internally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the larval stage of frogs called?

    <p>Tadpole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pair of ___________ in female frogs is responsible for producing eggs.

    <p>ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ova can a mature female frog lay at a time?

    <p>2500 to 3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following frog structures with their functions:

    <p>Testes = Production of sperm Oviduct = Transport of eggs to cloaca Mucous glands = Assist in respiration Tongue = Capturing prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ is a double fold of peritoneum that connects the testes to the kidneys.

    <p>mesorchium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog skin is dry and helps them in land habitats.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of similar cells that perform a specific function in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All complex animals consist of only three basic types of tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when two or more organs work together to perform a common function?

    <p>Organ system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multicellular organisms, coordinated activities of millions of cells are possible due to the organization into __________, __________, __________, and __________.

    <p>cells, tissues, organs, organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles:

    <p>Cells = Basic unit of life Tissues = Groups of similar cells Organs = Structures made of different tissue types Organ Systems = Groups of organs working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main function of organ systems in multicellular organisms?

    <p>To perform complex functions through cooperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single type of tissue can form multiple types of organs within the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of having organ systems in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Efficiency and coordination of bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for an animal whose body temperature varies with the environment?

    <p>Poikilotherm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have the ability to change color to camouflage themselves from predators.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sleep do frogs experience during extreme heat?

    <p>aestivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs are classified under the class ______ of phylum Chordata.

    <p>Amphibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Mimicry = Ability to blend in with the environment Hibernation = State of dormancy during winter Aestivation = State of dormancy during summer Camouflage = Protective coloration to avoid detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the skin of a frog?

    <p>Smooth and slippery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary habitat of frogs is limited to freshwater environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common species of frog found in India?

    <p>Rana tigrina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the webbed digits in a frog's hind limbs?

    <p>Swimming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs possess both a neck and a tail.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the ventral side of a frog's body?

    <p>pale yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male frogs have a _______ pad on the first digit of their fore limbs.

    <p>copulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organ systems of frogs with their functions:

    <p>Digestive System = Breaks down food Nervous System = Controls body functions Circulatory System = Transports blood and nutrients Excretory System = Removes waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is used by frogs to absorb water?

    <p>Absorbing through skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frog eyes are covered by a nictitating membrane while they are in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mouth leads to the buccal cavity, then to the ______, and finally to the stomach.

    <p>oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the special venous connection between the liver and intestine in frogs?

    <p>Hepatic portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs excrete uric acid and are considered ureotelic animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in a frog's heart connects to the right atrium?

    <p>Sinus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys of frogs are __________ shaped structures located near the vertebral column.

    <p>bean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the frog's circulatory system with their definitions:

    <p>Vena Cava = Major veins collecting blood to the heart Conus Arteriosus = Sac-like structure receiving blood from the ventricle Atria = Two upper chambers of the heart Pericardium = Membrane covering the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lymph in the frog's body?

    <p>To collect interstitial fluid and return it to the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscular heart of a frog pumps blood to the lungs and the body simultaneously.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ system helps in the elimination of nitrogenous wastes in frogs.

    <p>excretory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cloaca in frogs?

    <p>To pass faecal matter, urine, and sperms to the exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization in frogs occurs internally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the larval stage of a frog called?

    <p>tadpole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The testes in male frogs are connected to the kidneys by a double fold of peritoneum called __________.

    <p>mesorchium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following female reproductive structures with their functions:

    <p>Ovaries = Produce eggs Oviduct = Transport eggs to cloaca Cloaca = Expel eggs Bidder’s canal = Connects to kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the skin of frogs?

    <p>It is moist and contains mucous glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs are an important link in the food chain and food web of the ecosystem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mature female frog can lay between __________ and __________ ova at a time.

    <p>2500, 3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tissues in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Performing specific functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All multicellular animals consist of the same four types of tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems represent in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Levels of organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human body is organized into cells, tissues, ______, and organ systems.

    <p>organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Tissue = A group of similar cells that perform a specific function Organ = A structure composed of different types of tissues Organ system = Two or more organs working together Cell = The basic unit of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an organ system in humans?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The division of labor in multicellular organisms contributes to their survival.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a group of similar cells that perform a specific function?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows frogs to hide from their predators?

    <p>Camouflage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have a constant body temperature regardless of their environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to frogs during extreme weather conditions?

    <p>They take shelter in deep burrows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs belong to the class _____ of the phylum Chordata.

    <p>Amphibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to frogs with their descriptions:

    <p>Mucus = Keeps the frog's skin moist Ectothermic = Body temperature varies with the environment Rana tigrina = Most common species of frog in India Aestivation = Summer sleep during extreme heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the study of the internal organs of animals?

    <p>Anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have dry skin that helps in adapting to their land habitat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the protective coloration that helps frogs hide from enemies?

    <p>Mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile in the digestive system of frogs?

    <p>Emulsify fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs primarily breathe through their lungs on land.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the partially digested food called that passes from the stomach to the small intestine?

    <p>chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs use their ________ tongue to capture food.

    <p>bilobed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the frog's body is primarily responsible for the absorption of digested food?

    <p>Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory methods with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Cutaneous respiration = Gas exchange through the skin in water Pulmonary respiration = Gas exchange through lungs on land Buccal respiration = Air enters through the buccal cavity Gaseous exchange during hibernation = Occurs through skin during dormancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's heart is a muscular structure located in the lower part of the body cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration do frogs use when they are in water?

    <p>cutaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hepatic portal system in frogs?

    <p>Connects the liver and intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have a single ventricle in their heart.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the conus arteriosus in a frog's heart?

    <p>It helps to transport blood from the ventricle to the arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog's excretory system consists of a pair of _____ and _____ that help in waste elimination.

    <p>kidneys, ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the frog's circulatory system with their descriptions:

    <p>Vena Cava = Major veins carrying blood to the heart Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart to the body Veins = Collect blood from various body parts Conus arteriosus = Connects the ventricle to the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is not part of the blood in frogs?

    <p>Lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frog excretes ammonia as a waste product.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cells in frogs are nucleated?

    <p>Red blood cells (RBCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for regulating metabolism in frogs?

    <p>Thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external ear is a prominent feature in frogs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the frog's brain is responsible for processing visual information?

    <p>Optic lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs possess ___________ as a means of balancing and hearing.

    <p>tympanum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their functions:

    <p>Pituitary = Regulates other endocrine glands Thyroid = Metabolism regulation Adrenals = Stress response Gonads = Reproductive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the forebrain in frogs?

    <p>Olfaction and higher brain functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have a bony structure called the cranium that protects their spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system in frogs.

    <p>Cranial nerves and spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the dorsal side of a frog's body?

    <p>Olive green with dark spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have a neck and a tail.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do frogs absorb water?

    <p>Through their skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ is a structure in frogs that protects their eyes while they are in water.

    <p>nictitating membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following frog structures with their functions:

    <p>Vocal sacs = Sound production Tympanum = Sound reception Webbed digits = Swimming Copulatory pad = Mating assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in frogs includes the liver and gall bladder?

    <p>Digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male frogs have copulatory pads on the first digit of their fore limbs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in a frog?

    <p>To secrete bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the organization of similar cells that perform a specific function?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All multicellular animals consist of more than four basic types of tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of organ systems in multicellular organisms?

    <p>To perform common functions through physical and chemical interactions between organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multicellular organisms, tissues combine to form __________.

    <p>organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their descriptions:

    <p>Cells = Basic unit of life Tissues = Groups of similar cells Organs = Structures made of tissues Organ systems = Groups of organs working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work?

    <p>They exhibit division of labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four basic types of tissues found in complex animals?

    <p>Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human body is composed of millions of cells arranged in a complex manner.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of bile in the digestive system of frogs?

    <p>Emulsification of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs rely solely on their lungs for respiration in all environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine?

    <p>chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______________ is a muscular structure situated in the upper part of a frog's body cavity.

    <p>heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their respective organs in frogs:

    <p>Digestion of food = Stomach Absorption of nutrients = Intestine Production of bile = Liver Respiration on land = Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures in the intestine of frogs are responsible for the absorption of digested food?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas produces bile in frogs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration occurs through the skin of frogs in water?

    <p>cutaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cells contain red-colored pigment in frogs?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal portal system is responsible for connecting the kidney to the liver.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the conus arteriosus in a frog's heart?

    <p>To direct blood from the ventricle into the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs excrete ______, making them ureotelic animals.

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the frog's circulatory system with their functions:

    <p>Atria = Receive blood from the body Ventricle = Pumps blood to the body Veins = Collect blood from the body Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are part of the frog's excretory system?

    <p>Kidneys and ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cloaca in frogs?

    <p>Reproduction, excretion, and waste elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In frogs, erythrocytes are non-nucleated blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys in frogs called?

    <p>Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization in frogs occurs internally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What larval stage do frogs undergo during development?

    <p>Tadpole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frogs have a pair of ______ that produce eggs.

    <p>ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their functions in frogs:

    <p>Testes = Produce sperm Oviduct = Transport eggs to the cloaca Bidder’s canal = Connects kidneys to the cloaca Vasa efferentia = Carry sperm from the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many eggs can a mature female frog lay at one time?

    <p>2500 to 3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin of frogs helps in respiration due to its vascularization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of frogs to humans and the environment?

    <p>They eat insects and maintain ecological balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structural Organisation in Animals

    • Unicellular organisms carry out all functions like digestion, respiration, and reproduction within a single cell.
    • Multicellular animals exhibit specialization, with different groups of cells performing specific functions.
    • Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
    • Four basic tissue types compose complex animals: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural.
    • Organs are formed by the organization of different tissues.
    • Organ systems are groups of two or more organs working together to fulfill a common function.

    Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs

    • Frogs belong to the class Amphibia within the phylum Chordata.
    • The most common frog species in India is Rana tigrina.
    • Frogs are poikilothermic (cold-blooded), meaning their body temperature fluctuates with the environment.
    • Frogs exhibit camouflage, changing their colour to blend in with their surroundings.
    • They undergo aestivation (summer sleep) and hibernation (winter sleep) to survive extreme temperatures.

    Frog Morphology

    • Frog skin is smooth and slippery due to mucus production.
    • The dorsal side of the frog is generally olive green with dark irregular spots.
    • The ventral side of the frog is uniformly pale yellow.
    • Frogs lack a neck and tail, and their bodies are divided into a head and trunk.
    • They have bulging eyes protected by a nictitating membrane.
    • Membranous tympanums (ears) are located on either side of the eyes, receiving sound signals.
    • Forelimbs and hind limbs are used for swimming, walking, leaping, and burrowing.
    • The hind limbs are larger and more muscular than the forelimbs.
    • Digits are webbed to aid in swimming.
    • Male frogs have vocal sacs for sound production and a copulatory pad on their first forelimb digit, absent in females.

    Frog Anatomy

    • The frog's body cavity houses various organ systems including digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive.
    • The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.
    • The alimentary canal is short due to the frog's carnivorous diet, resulting in a reduced intestinal length.
    • The mouth leads to the buccal cavity, then the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum, and finally the cloaca.
    • The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.

    Frog Circulatory System

    • The frog's heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
    • The heart is covered by a pericardium membrane.
    • A sinus venosus joins the right atrium, receiving blood from the vena cava.
    • The ventricle opens into a conus arteriosus.
    • Arteries carry blood from the heart to the body.
    • Veins collect blood from the body and return it to the heart.
    • The hepatic portal system connects the liver and intestine.
    • The renal portal system connects the kidneys and lower body parts.
    • Frog blood consists of plasma and cells: red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leucocytes), and platelets.
    • Frog RBCs are nucleated and contain haemoglobin.
    • Lymph is a fluid similar to blood but lacking some proteins and RBCs.

    Frog Excretory System

    • The excretory system includes kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
    • Kidneys are bean-shaped and situated posteriorly on both sides of the vertebral column.
    • Each kidney contains numerous uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
    • In males, ureters act as urinogenital ducts, opening into the cloaca.
    • In females, ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca.
    • The urinary bladder is located ventral to the rectum and also opens into the cloaca.
    • Frogs are ureotelic, meaning they excrete urea as a waste product.

    Frog Nervous System

    • The frog's nervous system includes a central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system.
    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The PNS includes cranial and spinal nerves.
    • The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
    • Ten pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain.
    • The brain is enclosed in a bony structure called the cranium.
    • The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
    • The forebrain includes olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres, and the diencephalon.
    • The midbrain is characterized by optic lobes.
    • The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
    • The medulla oblongata extends into the spinal cord, which is encased in the vertebral column.

    Frog Sensory Organs

    • Frogs possess various sensory organs, including touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds), smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes), and hearing (tympanum with internal ears).
    • Eyes are spherical structures situated in the orbits of the skull.
    • Frogs lack external ears; only the tympanum is visible externally.
    • The ear functions in hearing and balance.

    Frog Reproductive System

    • Frog reproductive systems are well organized, with distinct male and female structures.
    • The male reproductive system includes a pair of testes, vasa efferentia, kidney, adrenal gland, urinogenital duct, rectum, cloaca, and cloacal aperture.
    • The female reproductive system includes a pair of ovaries, oviducts, uterus, ureter, and cloaca.

    Frog Anatomy

    • Frogs belong to class Amphibia of phylum Chordata.
    • The most common species of frog found in India is Rana tigrina.
    • Frogs are cold-blooded or poikilotherms, their body temperature fluctuates with the environment.
    • Frogs are capable of camouflage, changing their color to blend with their surroundings.
    • Frogs undergo aestivation (summer sleep) and hibernation (winter sleep) to survive extreme temperatures.
    • Frog skin is smooth and slippery due to the presence of mucus.
    • Frogs have a well-developed closed circulatory system including a heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • Frogs have a lymphatic system consisting of lymph, lymph channels, and lymph nodes.
    • Frog heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
    • The heart is covered by a membrane called pericardium.
    • A triangular structure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium.
    • The ventricle opens into a sac-like conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.
    • The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the arteries (arterial system).
    • Veins collect blood from different parts of the body to the heart and form the venous system.
    • Frogs have a hepatic portal system (liver and intestine) and a renal portal system (kidney and lower body).
    • Frog blood is composed of plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
    • Frog red blood cells are nucleated and contain haemoglobin.
    • Lymph is different from blood as it lacks proteins and red blood cells.
    • Blood carries nutrients, gases, and water to various parts of the body during circulation.
    • Frog’s excretory system consists of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
    • Kidneys are located in the body cavity, on both sides of the vertebral column.
    • Kidneys are composed of nephrons, responsible for filtering waste.
    • Ureters connect the kidneys to the cloaca.
    • The urinary bladder is located ventral to the rectum and opens into the cloaca.
    • Frogs are ureotelic, excreting urea as a nitrogenous waste product.

    Frog Digestive System

    • Frogs have a complete digestive system consisting of a mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca.
    • Pancreas is a digestive gland that produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes.
    • Food is captured by the bilobed tongue.
    • HCl and gastric juices secreted from the stomach walls digest food.
    • Partially digested food, called chyme, is transferred to the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine.
    • The duodenum receives bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic juices through a common bile duct.
    • Bile emulsifies fat, and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins.
    • Final digestion takes place in the intestine.
    • Digested food is absorbed by villi and microvilli, finger-like folds found in the intestine walls.
    • Undigested waste moves into the rectum and exits through the cloaca.

    Frog Respiratory System

    • Frogs use both cutaneous respiration (skin) and pulmonary respiration (lungs) for breathing.
    • In water, the skin acts as the respiratory organ, exchanging dissolved oxygen through diffusion.
    • On land, the buccal cavity, skin, and lungs act as respiratory organs.
    • Lungs are elongated, pink, sac-like structures located in the thorax.
    • Air enters through the nostrils, into the buccal cavity, and then to the lungs.
    • During aestivation and hibernation, gas exchange occurs through the skin.

    Frog Nervous System

    • Frog’s nervous system includes a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves), and autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
    • The brain is divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
    • Forebrain includes olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres, and diencephalon.
    • Midbrain is characterized by optic lobes.
    • Hindbrain consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
    • Frog has various sense organs: touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds), smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes), and hearing (tympanum and internal ears).
    • Eyes are spherical, simple eyes located in the skull’s orbit.
    • Frogs lack external ears; only the tympanum is visible externally.
    • The ear serves for hearing and balance.

    Frog Reproductive System

    • Frogs have distinct male and female reproductive systems.
    • Male: A pair of yellowish ovoid testes are attached to the upper part of the kidneys.
    • Male: Vasa efferentia connect the testes to the kidneys and open into the Bidder’s canal.
    • Male: The urinogenital duct connects to the cloaca.
    • Female: A pair of ovaries are situated near the kidneys.
    • Female: A pair of oviducts arise from the ovaries and open separately into the cloaca.
    • Female: A mature female can lay 2500-3000 eggs at a time.
    • Fertilization is external and takes place in water.
    • Development involves a larval stage called tadpole.
    • Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis to become adult frogs.

    ### Frog Importance

    • Frogs play beneficial roles in maintaining ecological balance and are important for the food chain and food web.
    • Frogs control insect populations, protecting crops.
    • Some cultures consider frog legs a food source.

    Frog Anatomy and Morphology

    • Frogs belong to the class Amphibia of phylum Chordata.
    • The most common frog species in India is Rana tigrina.
    • Frogs are poikilotherms, meaning their body temperature varies with the environment.
    • Frogs exhibit a process called mimicry, changing their colour to camouflage themselves from predators.
    • Frogs undergo aestivation during summer (summer sleep) and hibernation during winter (winter sleep), seeking shelter to avoid extreme temperatures.

    Frog Morphology

    • Frogs have smooth and slippery skin due to the presence of mucus.
    • The dorsal side of the frog is typically olive green with dark spots.
    • The ventral side of the frog is uniformly pale yellow.
    • Frogs absorb water through their skin.
    • The frog's body is divided into a head and trunk, with no neck or tail.
    • Frogs have a pair of nostrils located above the mouth, bulged eyes with a nictitating membrane for protection in water, and a membranous tympanum (ear) on either side of the eyes.
    • Forelimbs and hind limbs are used for swimming, walking, leaping, and burrowing.
    • Hind limbs are larger and more muscular than forelimbs, ending in five digits.
    • Forelimbs end in four digits.
    • Feet have webbed digits that aid in swimming.
    • Male frogs can be distinguished by the presence of vocal sacs for sound production and a copulatory pad on the first digit of their forelimbs. These features are absent in female frogs.

    Frog Anatomy

    • The body cavity of frogs houses various organ systems including digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems.

    Digestive System

    • The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.
    • The alimentary canal is short due to the frog's carnivorous diet, resulting in a reduced length of the intestine.
    • The mouth leads to the buccal cavity, which connects to the esophagus via the pharynx.
    • The esophagus is a short tube that opens into the stomach.
    • The stomach continues as the intestine, rectum, and finally opens outside through the cloaca.
    • The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.

    Circulatory System

    • The frog's heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
    • The heart is enclosed by a membrane called the pericardium.
    • A triangular structure called the sinus venosus joins the right atrium.
    • The ventricle opens into a sac-like conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the heart.
    • Arteries carry blood from the heart to the body (arterial system).
    • Veins collect blood from the body and transport it back to the heart (venous system).
    • Frogs have special venous connections between the liver and intestine (hepatic portal system) and between the kidneys and the lower body (renal portal system).
    • Frog blood consists of plasma and cells: red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes), and platelets.
    • RBCs are nucleated and contain the red pigment hemoglobin.
    • Lymph is similar to blood but lacks some proteins and RBCs.
    • Blood transports nutrients, gases, and water throughout the body during circulation.
    • The heart's muscular pumping action drives blood circulation.

    Excretory System

    • The excretory system eliminates nitrogenous wastes and consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
    • Kidneys are compact, dark red, bean-shaped structures located posteriorly in the body cavity on either side of the vertebral column.
    • Each kidney is composed of uriniferous tubules or nephrons, the structural and functional units of the kidney.
    • In male frogs, two ureters emerge from the kidneys and act as urinogenital ducts, opening into the cloaca.
    • In female frogs, ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca.
    • The thin-walled urinary bladder is located ventral to the rectum and also opens into the cloaca.
    • Frogs excrete urea, making them ureotelic animals.
    • Blood carries excretory wastes to the kidneys for filtration and excretion.

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system controls and coordinates body functions.
    • It includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves), and autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
    • Ten pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain.
    • The brain is enclosed in a bony structure called the brain box (cranium).
    • The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
    • The forebrain includes olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres, and an unpaired diencephalon.
    • The midbrain is characterized by a pair of optic lobes.
    • The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
    • The medulla oblongata extends through the foramen magnum and continues into the spinal cord.
    • The spinal cord is enclosed within the vertebral column.

    Sensory Organs

    • Frogs have various sensory organs: organs of touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds), smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes), and hearing (tympanum with internal ears).
    • Eyes are spherical structures located in the orbits of the skull, functioning as simple eyes (with a single unit).
    • External ears are absent in frogs, only the tympanum is visible externally.
    • Ears function in both hearing and balance (equilibrium).

    Reproductive Systems

    • Male Reproductive System:
      • Consists of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes attached to the upper part of the kidneys by a peritoneal fold called the mesorchium.
      • 10-12 vasa efferentia arise from the testes, enter the kidneys, and open into Bidder's canal.
      • The urinogenital duct connects to the cloaca, which serves as a chamber for the passage of faecal matter, urine, and sperm.
    • Female Reproductive System:
      • Includes a pair of ovaries situated near the kidneys.
      • A pair of oviducts arise from the ovaries and open into the cloaca separately.
      • A mature female can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a time.
      • Fertilization is external and occurs in water.
      • Development involves a larval stage called a tadpole.
      • Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis to transform into adults.

    Ecological Importance of Frogs

    • Frogs are beneficial to humans as they consume insects and protect crops.
    • They maintain ecological balance by serving as an important link in food chains and webs within ecosystems.
    • In some countries, the muscular legs of frogs are consumed as food.

    Summary

    • Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems demonstrate division of labor to ensure the survival of the organism as a whole.
    • Tissue is defined as a group of cells with intercellular substances, performing one or more functions.
    • Epithelia are sheet-like tissues that line body surfaces, cavities, ducts, and tubes.
    • Epithelia possess a free surface facing body fluid or the external environment.
    • Their cells are interconnected structurally and functionally at junctions.

    Organ and Organ Systems

    • The text highlights that complex animals, like frogs, have different cell types organized to form tissues. These tissues then form organs and multiple organs working together become organ systems.
    • The text says that the different organ systems in a frog's body are: digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive.
    • The text emphasizes that the arrangement of different organs within an organism is essential for the efficient and coordinated function of the millions of cells that make up the body.
    • The text briefly mentions how the complexity of organ systems within different animals demonstrates an evolutionary pattern that will be studied in greater detail in later classes.
    • The text makes a distinction between the terms "morphology" and "anatomy". Morphology refers to the study of the external appearance of an organism. Anatomy, on the other hand, studies the internal organs of the organism.

    Frogs

    • Frogs belong to the class Amphibia of the phylum Chordata.
    • They are poikilothermic, meaning they have a body temperature that fluctuates with the surrounding environment.
    • Frogs exhibit protective coloration called mimicry, which allows them to blend with their surroundings.
    • Frogs can survive extreme weather conditions by entering states of hibernation (winter sleep) and aestivation (summer sleep).

    Morphology

    • Frog skin is smooth and slippery, and always maintained in a moist condition.
    • The frog's dorsal (back) side is olive green with dark spots, while the ventral (bottom) side is pale yellow.
    • Frogs don't drink water; they absorb it through their skin.
    • The frog's body can be divided into a head and a trunk, but it lacks a neck and a tail.
    • The frog has a pair of nostrils above the mouth, bulged eyes covered by a nictitating membrane, external tympanum (ear), and webbed feet.
    • The hind limbs are larger and more muscular than the forelimbs.
    • Sexual dimorphism exists in frogs, with male frogs having vocal sacs and a copulatory pad on the first digit of the forelimbs, which are absent in females.

    Anatomy

    • The frog's internal body contains organ systems that perform various functions.
    • The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and glands.
    • The alimentary canal is short because frogs are carnivores.
    • The mouth opens into the buccal cavity, which connects to the esophagus and then the stomach.
    • The stomach continues into the intestine, rectum, and finally the cloaca.
    • The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
    • The circulatory system has a three-chambered heart, with two atria and one ventricle, that is covered by a membrane called the pericardium.
    • The heart receives blood from the sinus venosus, which is connected to the vena cava (major veins).
    • The ventricle opens into a conus arteriosus that pumps blood through arteries (the arterial system) to different parts of the body.
    • The blood is carried back to the heart through veins, forming the venous system.
    • The circulatory system also includes hepatic portal and renal portal systems, which connect the liver and intestines with the heart and the kidneys with lower body parts, respectively.
    • Frog blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs in frogs have a nucleus and contain hemoglobin.
    • The lymph fluid is similar to blood but lacks a few proteins and RBCs.
    • The excretory system clears nitrogenous wastes from the body.
    • This system consists of paired kidneys, ureters, a cloaca, and a urinary bladder.
    • The kidneys are compact, dark red, and bean-shaped, situated on both sides of the vertebral column.
    • Each kidney contains uriniferous tubules or nephrons, which are the functional units responsible for filtering waste.
    • The ureters, which act as urinogenital ducts in males, carry urine and sperm to the cloaca.
    • In females, the ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca.
    • The urinary bladder is situated ventral to the rectum and opens into the cloaca.
    • Frogs are ureotelic, which means they excrete urea as their primary nitrogenous waste.
    • The nervous system controls and coordinates body functions.
    • The nervous system includes the neural system (nerves) and endocrine glands that secrete hormones.
    • The male reproductive system is composed of two testes, vasa efferentia, the Bidder's canal, and a urinogenital duct.
    • The testes are yellowish and ovoid, connected to the kidneys by a fold of peritoneum called mesorchium.
    • Vasa efferentia, 10-12 in number, connect the testes to the kidneys. They open into the Bidder's canal, which ultimately connects to the urinogenital duct that empties into the cloaca.
    • The cloaca is a common chamber for the elimination of feces, urine, and sperm.
    • The female reproductive system includes two ovaries, oviducts, and a cloaca.
    • The ovaries are located near the kidneys.
    • The oviducts connect the ovaries to the cloaca, where eggs are released.
    • A mature female frog can lay up to 2,500-3,000 eggs at once.
    • Frogs have external fertilization that takes place in water, and their development involves a larval tadpole stage.
    • The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis into an adult frog.
    • Frogs are beneficial to humans because they eat insects and protect crops.
    • They play a significant role in ecological balance, forming a crucial link in the food chain and food web.
    • Frogs are considered a food source for humans in some parts of the world.

    Structural Organization in Animals

    • Multicellular organisms have a well-organized structure to carry out various functions.
    • Four basic types of tissues make up complex animals: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural.
    • Tissues combine to form organs, and multiple organs working together form organ systems.

    Morphology and Anatomy of Frog

    • Frogs belong to the class Amphibia of phylum Chordata.
    • Common species in India is Rana tigrina.
    • They are poikilotherms, meaning their body temperature changes with the environment.
    • They can change color for camouflage, called mimicry.
    • They hibernate in winter (winter sleep) and aestivate in summer (summer sleep).

    Frog Morphology

    • Frogs have smooth, slippery skin due to mucus.
    • Skin is always in a moist condition.
    • Tongue is bilobed for capturing food.

    Frog Digestion

    • The pancreas produces pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes.
    • Food is broken down by HCl and gastric juices in the stomach.
    • Chyme (partially digested food) travels to the duodenum.
    • Bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic juices digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
    • Final digestion occurs in the intestine.
    • Digested nutrients are absorbed by villi and microvilli in the intestine.
    • Undigested waste moves to the rectum and exits through the cloaca.

    Frog Respiration

    • Frogs use two methods: cutaneous respiration (through skin) and pulmonary respiration (through lungs).
    • In water, skin acts as an aquatic respiratory organ.
    • On land, the buccal cavity, skin, and lungs are responsible for respiration.
    • During aestivation and hibernation, gas exchange occurs through the skin.

    Frog Circulation

    • Well-developed closed circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, blood.
    • Lymphatic system: lymph, lymph channels, lymph nodes.
    • Heart has three chambers: two atria and one ventricle.
    • Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
    • RBCs are nucleated and contain hemoglobin, a red pigment.
    • Lymph lacks some proteins and RBCs.
    • Blood carries nutrients, gases, and water to various parts of the body.

    Frog Excretion

    • Excretory system: kidneys, ureters, cloaca, urinary bladder.
    • Kidneys are bean-shaped and composed of nephrons (functional units).
    • Ureters act as urinogenital ducts in males, opening into the cloaca.
    • In females, ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca.
    • Urinary bladder is ventral to the rectum and also opens into the cloaca.
    • Frogs are ureotelic animals, excreting urea as waste.

    Frog Nervous System

    • Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral nervous system (PNS): cranial and spinal nerves.
    • Autonomic nervous system (ANS): sympathetic and parasympathetic.
    • Brain is divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
    • Sensory organs: touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds), smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes), and hearing (tympanum with internal ears).

    Frog Reproduction

    • Well-organized male and female reproductive systems.
    • Male reproductive system: testes, vasa efferentia, fat bodies, kidney, urinogenital duct, rectum, cloaca.
    • Female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, ova, ureter, urinary bladder, cloaca.

    Structural Organization in Animals - The Frog

    • The body of a frog is composed of billions of cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems to perform various functions.
    • The frog has no neck or tail, and its body is divided into a head and trunk.
    • The frog's skin is highly vascularized and plays a role in respiration both in water and on land.
    • The frog's skin contains mucous glands which help in keeping the skin moist.
    • The frog's skin is olive green with dark irregular spots on the dorsal side, and uniformly pale yellow on the ventral side.
    • The frog captures prey with its bilobed tongue, which is muscular and located at the tip of its mouth.
    • The frog doesn't drink water, instead it absorbs it through its skin.
    • Frogs are carnivores and have short digestive systems.
    • The frog's digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.
    • The alimentary canal includes the mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum, and cloaca.
    • The frog's digestive glands include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
    • The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
    • The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes.
    • Frogs can breathe both on land and in water using different mechanisms.
    • In water, the frog uses its skin for respiration - "cutaneous respiration".
    • On land, the frog uses its buccal cavity, skin, and lungs for respiration - "pulmonary respiration".
    • The frog's lungs are elongated, pink-colored sac-like structures located in the upper part of the trunk region.
    • The frog's circulatory system is a closed system consisting of a heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • The frog's heart has three chambers - two atria and one ventricle.
    • The frog's heart is covered by a membrane called the pericardium.
    • The frog's blood is composed of plasma and cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
    • The frog's excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
    • The kidneys are compact, dark red, bean-like structures located on both sides of the vertebral column.
    • The frog excretes urea as a nitrogenous waste product, making it a ureotelic animal.
    • The frog's nervous system is responsible for control and coordination, and includes both neural and endocrine components.
    • The frog's endocrine glands secrete hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
    • The frog's male reproductive organs include a pair of testes, which are located near the kidneys.
    • The frog's female reproductive organs include a pair of ovaries, which are also located near the kidneys.
    • The frog's fertilization is external and takes place in water.
    • The frog's development involves a larval stage called a tadpole.
    • The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to transform into an adult frog.
    • Frogs are beneficial to humans because they eat insects and maintain ecological balance.
    • Frogs are an important part of the food chain and food web in ecosystems.
    • Some cultures use frog legs as food.

    Important Terms

    • Tissue: A group of similar cells along with intercellular substances performing one or more functions in the body.
    • Organ: A structure composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
    • Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a complex function.
    • Cutaneous respiration: Respiration through the skin.
    • Pulmonary respiration: Respiration through the lungs.
    • Ureotelic: An animal that excretes urea as a nitrogenous waste product.
    • Metamorphosis: A biological process in which an animal undergoes a significant physical transformation.

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    Structural Organisation in Animals PDF

    Description

    Explore the structural organization in animals, focusing on unicellular and multicellular organisms, tissues, and organ systems. Discover the morphology and anatomy of frogs, including their classification, thermal characteristics, and adaptive features. This quiz covers key concepts essential for understanding animal biology.

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