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Questions and Answers
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
catabolic pathways
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH during the citric acid cycle (correct)
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis (correct)
- NAD+ is oxidized during glycolysis
- NAD+ is used only in fermentation
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by?
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by?
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process?
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process?
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is?
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is?
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate?
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate?
A molecule that is phosphorylated?
A molecule that is phosphorylated?
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. What are the resulting products?
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. What are the resulting products?
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to?
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to?
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is?
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is?
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, the result is the?
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, the result is the?
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?
Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?
Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration?
Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration?
In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?
In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?
Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of?
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of?
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to?
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to?
When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by?
When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by?
In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is due to abundant mitochondria. What is the function of the brown fat tissue?
In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is due to abundant mitochondria. What is the function of the brown fat tissue?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules.
- Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen, producing ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
Glycolysis
- Takes place in the cytosol.
- Generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- For each glucose molecule, 2 ATP are used and 4 ATP are produced, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP.
- Retains most of glucose's energy in pyruvate.
Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle, releasing CO2 and forming NADH and H+.
- Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and is formed from pyruvate, contributing to energy production.
Cellular Respiration
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, creating water.
- Carbon dioxide is released during the oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle.
- Chemiosmotic phosphorylation generates the most ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
- Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- Protons (H+) are pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
- Energy from electron transport is used to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase, located in the inner membrane.
ATP Synthesis
- Direct energy for ATP synthesis comes from the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Approximately 40% of glucose's energy is stored as ATP after complete oxidation.
Fermentation
- In anaerobic conditions, yeast undergo fermentation, producing ATP, CO2, and ethanol.
- Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation oxidize NADH to NAD+.
- Muscle fatigue during anaerobic respiration is linked to increased potassium ions.
Brown Fat Tissue
- Brown fat tissue is abundant in mitochondria and helps regulate temperature by converting energy from NADH oxidation to heat.
- Increased surface area of inner mitochondrial membranes enhances oxidative phosphorylation efficiency.
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