Questions and Answers
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
catabolic pathways
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by?
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The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process?
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Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
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During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is?
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In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
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In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate?
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A molecule that is phosphorylated?
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In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. What are the resulting products?
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Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
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Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
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During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
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Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
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During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
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The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to?
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Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
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In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
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Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
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The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is?
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When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, the result is the?
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
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Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?
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Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration?
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In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?
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Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
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The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
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In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of?
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One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to?
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When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by?
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In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is due to abundant mitochondria. What is the function of the brown fat tissue?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules.
- Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen, producing ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
Glycolysis
- Takes place in the cytosol.
- Generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- For each glucose molecule, 2 ATP are used and 4 ATP are produced, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP.
- Retains most of glucose's energy in pyruvate.
Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle, releasing CO2 and forming NADH and H+.
- Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and is formed from pyruvate, contributing to energy production.
Cellular Respiration
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, creating water.
- Carbon dioxide is released during the oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle.
- Chemiosmotic phosphorylation generates the most ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
- Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- Protons (H+) are pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
- Energy from electron transport is used to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase, located in the inner membrane.
ATP Synthesis
- Direct energy for ATP synthesis comes from the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Approximately 40% of glucose's energy is stored as ATP after complete oxidation.
Fermentation
- In anaerobic conditions, yeast undergo fermentation, producing ATP, CO2, and ethanol.
- Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation oxidize NADH to NAD+.
- Muscle fatigue during anaerobic respiration is linked to increased potassium ions.
Brown Fat Tissue
- Brown fat tissue is abundant in mitochondria and helps regulate temperature by converting energy from NADH oxidation to heat.
- Increased surface area of inner mitochondrial membranes enhances oxidative phosphorylation efficiency.
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Test your knowledge of Biology Chapter 9 with these flashcards. Covering key concepts such as metabolic pathways, reactions of glycolysis, and the role of NAD+. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular metabolism.
