Questions and Answers
Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
Homozygous is when alleles of a pair are alike and heterozygous is when two alleles in a pair are different.
Differentiate between the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
The law of segregation is when a pair of factors is separated during the formation of gametes and the law of independent assortment is when factors for individual characteristics are distributed to gametes independently.
Differentiate between genetics and heredity.
Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring and genetics is the field of biology understanding it.
Use the following terms in the same sentence: pollination, self pollination, and cross pollination.
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Explain the relationship between the terms genotype and phenotype.
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Explain the relationship between the terms mono hybrid cross and dihybrid cross.
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Explain the relationship between the terms allele and trait.
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Relate why Mendel began his experiments by allowing pea plants to self pollinate for several generations.
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Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits.
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Explain the differences between the P generation, the F1 generation, and the F2 generation.
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Relate why it is not necessary to use the term homozygous when referring to the genotype of an individual that has a recessive phenotype.
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State the difference between a mono hybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
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Propose how crossing over during meiosis might affect the segregation of genes that are on the same chromosome.
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Relate the events of meiosis to the law of segregation.
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Summarize how a gardener who has a pea plant that produces round seeds can determine whether the plant is homozygous or heterozygous for the allele that determines seed texture.
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Relate probability to the study of genetics.
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Predict the results of a cross between a rabbit homozygous dominant for black coat color (BB) and a rabbit homozygous recessive for brown coat color (bb).
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The blending hypothesis of inheritance was rejected as a way to explain how offspring inherit traits because...
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Why did Mendel choose to first test his particulate hypothesis with a monohybrid cross?
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Study Notes
Genetics Concepts
- Homozygous vs Heterozygous: Homozygous refers to identical alleles; heterozygous refers to different alleles in a gene pair.
- Law of Segregation vs Law of Independent Assortment: Segregation involves allele separation during gamete formation; independent assortment deals with the independent distribution of different gene pairs to gametes.
- Genetics vs Heredity: Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring; genetics is the study of these inheritance mechanisms.
Pollination Types
- Pollination: The process of transferring pollen from an anther to a stigma; can be self-pollination (within the same plant) or cross-pollination (between different plants).
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype vs Phenotype: Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable characteristics resulting from the genotype.
Crosses in Genetics
- Monohybrid Cross vs Dihybrid Cross: A monohybrid cross involves one trait, while a dihybrid cross involves two traits.
- Allele and Trait Relationship: An allele is a variant form of a gene, which determines a specific trait.
Mendel's Experiments
- Self-Pollination: Mendel used self-pollination in pea plants to establish pure strains, facilitating controlled experiments on trait inheritance.
- Dominant vs Recessive Traits: Dominant traits mask recessive traits in a gene pair. Recessive traits only express when two recessive alleles are present.
Generations in Genetics
- P Generation, F1 Generation, F2 Generation: The P generation represents the parental generation; F1 is the first generation of offspring from P; F2 is the offspring of the F1 generation.
Genotype Relation to Phenotype
- Recessive Phenotype: Knowing the dominance of traits makes identifying genotypes unnecessary; both will present the same phenotype.
- Cross Explanations: Monohybrid crosses involve one contrasting trait, while dihybrid crosses involve two traits.
Genetic Mechanisms
- Crossing Over during Meiosis: May lead to gene recombination, affecting allele segregation on the same chromosome.
- Meiosis Correspondence to Segregation: The pairing and separation of chromosomes during meiosis support Mendel’s law of segregation.
Genetic Determination and Probability
- Determining Seed Texture: Gardeners can differentiate homozygous from heterozygous plants by observing offspring from controlled crosses.
- Probability in Genetics: Expected frequencies of traits in offspring can be calculated using probability, aiding in predicting genetic outcomes.
Predictive Crosses and Hypotheses
- Homozygous Cross Prediction: A cross between BB (black coat) and bb (brown coat) results in all offspring being Bb (black coat).
- Blending Hypothesis Rejection: This hypothesis was dismissed due to unobserved intermediate traits and reemergence of traits thought to be lost.
Mendel’s Monohybrid Choice
- Monohybrid Cross Advantage: Mendel's choice to test one characteristic at a time minimized variables, focusing his experiments on clear patterns of inheritance.
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Description
Explore key genetic concepts through this flashcard quiz. Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous alleles, as well as the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Perfect for reviewing essential terminology in genetics!
