Questions and Answers
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide.
False
Either cellular respiration or fermentation can be used to release energy, depending on the presence of carbohydrates.
False
The reactants of photosynthesis are the same as the reactants of cellular respiration.
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The net products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
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The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP.
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NADH and FADH2 carry electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
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In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
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Without the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain cannot function.
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If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy.
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The first few seconds of intense exercise use up the cell's stores of fat.
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During the course of a long race, a person's muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP.
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The three main stages of cellular respiration are _____________________, the Krebs cycle, and __________________________.
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Cellular respiration in nearly all organisms depends on autotrophs performing the process of_________________________.
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Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria. In contrast, ______________________________ occurs in all eukaryotic cells.
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Glycolysis rearranges a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of ____________________.
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Two pyruvic acid molecules going through the Krebs cycle will result in ____________________ ATP molecule(s), as well as the energy carriers FADH2 and NADH.
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When ____________________ pass through ATP synthase, ATP molecules are produced from ADP molecules.
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The _____________________________ is a series of carrier proteins that use high-energy electrons to create a buildup of H+ ions on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Glycolysis alone nets only ____________________ molecules of ATP from each glucose molecule.
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The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires ____________________.
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A high level of lactic acid in the body is a sign that ______________________________ fermentation has occurred.
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How does a person who regularly does aerobic exercise compare to a sedentary person in terms of oxygen intake?
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Study Notes
Energy and Caloric Definitions
- A calorie (lowercase 'c') refers to the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
- The definition of caloric energy is vital in understanding metabolic processes.
Cellular Respiration Basics
- Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen, not carbon dioxide.
- Energy can be released through either cellular respiration or fermentation based on the availability of oxygen.
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
- The reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration and vice versa, highlighting their interconnectedness.
- Cellular respiration depends on autotrophs conducting photosynthesis, forming a crucial link in energy transfer within ecosystems.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- The three main stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid from glucose.
Krebs Cycle and Energy Production
- The Krebs cycle produces energy carriers such as NADH and FADH2, which are vital for the electron transport chain.
- Two pyruvic acid molecules processed through the Krebs cycle result in the production of 2 ATP along with FADH2 and NADH.
Electron Transport Chain Functionality
- The electron transport chain is a series of proteins that utilize high-energy electrons to create an H+ ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, critical for ATP production.
- H+ ions passing through ATP synthase facilitate the production of ATP from ADP.
Energy Sources and Exercise
- During the initial moments of intense exercise, ATP is used up quickly, involving immediate stores of ATP rather than fats.
- Aerobic activities lasting longer, such as swimming for 30 minutes, lead to the breakdown of stored molecules (like fats) for energy.
Lactic Acid and Muscle Metabolism
- Muscle cells utilize both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation during prolonged activities to generate ATP.
- High levels of lactic acid indicate that lactic acid fermentation has occurred, usually due to oxygen depletion during intense activities.
Physiological Adaptations
- Regular aerobic exercise enhances oxygen intake compared to sedentary individuals, improving overall fitness and metabolic efficiency.
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Description
Test your knowledge on crucial concepts in biology through these Chapter 9 flashcards. Learn about calorie, cellular respiration, and fermentation while reinforcing your understanding of energy release in biological processes.
