Questions and Answers
What is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?
Fermentation does not need oxygen, cellular respiration does.
What is the formula for the catabolic degradation of glucose by cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are both what type of reaction?
Redox reactions
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
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What is the difference between the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent?
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In cellular respiration, the electrons are not transferred directly from glucose to oxygen. Each electron is coupled with a proton to form a hydrogen atom, these are held in the cell by what electron carrier?
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What is a coenzyme?
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What is the normal route that electrons follow in cellular respiration?
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What’s the general process of cellular respiration?
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Why is glycolysis an appropriate term?
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The starting product of glycolysis is:
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The end product of glycolysis is:
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What are the two stages of glycolysis?
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What is used in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
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What are the products and reactants of the energy payoff stage of glycolysis?
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What is the net gain of energy in glycolysis? Where is most of the energy?
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What is the relationship between glycolysis and oxygen?
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Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it must be converted to?
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Explain the process of converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
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How many times does the citric acid cycle occur for each molecule of glucose?
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How many NADH's are formed from the citric acid cycle?
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How many total carbons are lost as pyruvate is oxidized in the citric acid cycle?
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How many FADH2 are formed in the citric acid cycle?
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How many ATPs are formed in the citric acid cycle?
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The citric acid cycle is performed twice; in total how many molecules of each product are formed?
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Explain what happens to the six carbon molecules from the original glucose molecule.
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In the electron transport chain, as the electron travels the molecules become ___ in free energy and ___ in electronegativity.
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The molecule at zero free energy (end of the electron transport chain) is?
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Oxygen stabilizes the received electrons by:
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Explain the overall concept of how ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to produce ATP.
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Define chemiosmosis.
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Define proton motive force.
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How many molecules of ATP can NADH form? FADH2?
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Why does the total count of ATP produced vary?
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Fermentation allows the production of ATP without __?
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What is the ultimate electron acceptor in fermentation since there is an absence of oxygen?
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Explain how alcohol fermentation starts with glucose and yields ethanol.
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Explain how lactic acid fermentation starts with glucose and yields lactate.
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What three organic molecules are often utilized to make ATP in cellular respiration?
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The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is:
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
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In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions ___
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The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is?
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What is the oxidizing agent in lactic acid fermentation?
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When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of the mitochondria, what change occurs?
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Most CO2 from catabolism is released during:
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Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
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During glycolysis, which molecule has the most chemical energy?
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If mice were fed glucose with radioactive oxygen, where would this oxygen appear again in a few minutes?
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A molecule becomes more oxidized when it__?
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Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?
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A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction of glycolysis. Why is this a bad idea?
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Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which part of cellular respiration?
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What accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle?
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In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, what steps occur?
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What is reduced in cellular respiration?
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The function of cellular respiration is to:
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Why is oxygen one of the strongest oxidizing agents known?
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Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
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A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis when?
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What happens to the energy in glucose that does not become ATP?
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After the completion of the citric acid cycle, most usable energy is in the form of?
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How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate level phosphorylation in cellular respiration?
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What happens in a closed room full of people?
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In cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?
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Why is there no production of carbon dioxide in glycolysis?
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What are most of the electron carriers in the electron carrier chain?
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What are obligate anaerobes?
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What are facultative anaerobes?
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What is beta oxidation?
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Where is the electron transport chain for cellular respiration located?
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Study Notes
Differences Between Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
- Fermentation is anaerobic, requiring no oxygen; cellular respiration is aerobic, requiring oxygen.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Both processes involve redox reactions, essential for energy transfer.
Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons (LEO); Reduction: Gain of electrons (GER).
Electron Transport in Cellular Respiration
- Electrons move from glucose to NAD+, forming NADH, which carries them to oxygen through the electron transport chain.
Coenzymes
- Coenzymes assist enzymatic functions; NADH is a coenzyme derived from niacin.
Glycolysis Pathway
- The typical electron pathway in cellular respiration is glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen.
Glycolysis Overview
- Glycolysis involves substrate-level phosphorylation to convert glucose into pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP and NADH.
Location of Glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytosol, where glucose splits into two pyruvate molecules.
Energy Investment and Payoff in Glycolysis
- Initial investment of 2 ATP during the energy investment phase with a payoff of 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and pyruvate formation.
Pyruvate Conversion
- Pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle, releasing CO2 and forming NADH.
Citric Acid Cycle
- The cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule, producing 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP while releasing CO2.
Electron Transport Chain
- As electrons travel through the chain, free energy decreases and electronegativity increases, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Production of ATP
- ATP synthase utilizes the H+ gradient across the membrane to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Chemiosmosis
- The process of using the H+ gradient to perform cellular work, crucial for ATP production.
Variability in ATP Yield
- ATP yield from NADH (approx. 2.5) and FADH2 (approx. 1.5) varies based on electron shuttle efficacy and energy utilization from the proton motive force.
Fermentation Process
- Fermentation produces ATP without oxygen by recycling NAD+; pyruvate is converted to either ethanol or lactate.
Carbon Dioxide in Cellular Respiration
- Most CO2 is released during the citric acid cycle, reflecting the breakdown of glucose.
Strong Oxidizing Agent
- Oxygen, due to its high electronegativity, is known as one of the strongest oxidizing agents.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
- Small amounts of ATP are formed by directly transferring phosphate groups during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
Mitochondrial Function
- The citric acid cycle reactions occur in the mitochondrial matrix, where the majority of NADH accumulates for electron transport.
Anaerobes
- Obligate anaerobes only engage in fermentation or anaerobic respiration, while facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and respiration based on oxygen availability.
Fatty Acid Metabolism
- Beta oxidation is the process where fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.
Location of Electron Transport Chain
- The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae), integral to ATP production and energy metabolism.
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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of cellular respiration and fermentation with these flashcards. Learn the differences between aerobic and anaerobic processes, and understand the formulas and definitions related to glucose degradation and energy production.