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Questions and Answers
What is defined as a change in the order of the genetic code?
What is defined as a change in the order of the genetic code?
What type of mutation affects one nucleotide and includes substitutions, insertions, and deletions?
What type of mutation affects one nucleotide and includes substitutions, insertions, and deletions?
What kind of mutation results from the addition or deletion of a nucleotide that causes codons to be misread?
What kind of mutation results from the addition or deletion of a nucleotide that causes codons to be misread?
Which of the following mutations usually affects no more than a single amino acid?
Which of the following mutations usually affects no more than a single amino acid?
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What occurs in a deletion mutation?
What occurs in a deletion mutation?
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Which statement is true about chromosomal mutations?
Which statement is true about chromosomal mutations?
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Which type of mutation would likely have the most severe effects on protein structure?
Which type of mutation would likely have the most severe effects on protein structure?
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Which of the following types of gene mutations can result in a frameshift?
Which of the following types of gene mutations can result in a frameshift?
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Which of the following describes chromosomal mutations?
Which of the following describes chromosomal mutations?
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What is a potential outcome of mutations in terms of species variation?
What is a potential outcome of mutations in terms of species variation?
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Which type of mutation is characterized by the duplication of chromosome segments?
Which type of mutation is characterized by the duplication of chromosome segments?
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How can scientists intentionally induce mutations?
How can scientists intentionally induce mutations?
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What significance do polyploid species have in evolution?
What significance do polyploid species have in evolution?
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Which of these is a common misconception about mutations?
Which of these is a common misconception about mutations?
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What is one benefit of mutations in bacteria?
What is one benefit of mutations in bacteria?
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What is the role of mutations in genetic disorders?
What is the role of mutations in genetic disorders?
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Study Notes
Roosevelt Quote
- "When you get to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
Chapter 8.22 - 8.23: Mutations
- Learning Objectives:
- Examples of lethal, harmful, and beneficial mutations
- How traditional cell theory evolved into modern cell theory
Unit Organizer
- DNA is about the code of life
- The code of life: DNA's role in making proteins
- Structure of DNA: Shape and components
- How DNA works: Historical experiments, structure with shape and components, replication for cell division, proteins made through transcription and translation
What is a Mutation?
- Any change in the order of the genetic code.
What is a Point Mutation?
- A mutation that affects one nucleotide.
Kinds of Mutations
- Gene Mutations
- Involve a change in one or a few nucleotides
- Known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence
- Include substitutions, insertions, and deletions
- Chromosomal Mutations
- Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
- Include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations
Substitutions
- Usually affect no more than a single amino acid
- Example shown with TAC GCA TGG AAT DNA sequence
Insertions and Deletions
- Effects are more dramatic
- Result in frameshift mutations
- Occur when an addition or deletion of a nucleotide shifts the grouping of codons, causing entire codons to be read incorrectly
Insertion
- An extra base is inserted into a base sequence
- Example shown with a specific DNA sequence
Deletion
- The loss of a single base is deleted, and the reading frame is shifted
- Example shown with a specific DNA sequence
Chromosomal Mutations (Detail)
- Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
- Include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations
- Examples of different chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation) presented visually
Significance of Mutations
- Mutations are the ultimate source of new variation in species
- Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression
- Some mutations cause genetic disorders or produce defective proteins (e.g., cancer)
- Mutations can happen randomly
- Source of genetic variability for species
- New genotypes and phenotypes
- Useful in new/changing environments
- Example of a randomly occurring mutation influencing the Scottish fold cat's ear shape
Polyploidy
- Errors in mitosis or meiosis can produce polyploid species
- Polyploidy involves having more than two chromosome sets
- Widely observed in plant species, but less frequent in animals
Significance of Plant Polyploidy
- Plants are regularly bred to have multiple sets of chromosomes
- Polyploid plants are often larger and stronger
- Examples include day lilies, bananas, and citrus fruits
Polyploidy in Vertebrates
- Polyploidy can occur in vertebrates, such as in frogs (rarely)
Inducing Mutations
- Scientists can increase genetic variation by inducing mutations
- Radiation and chemicals can be used to produce mutations
- Mutations can occur spontaneously
Mutation Examples
- Mutations produce new kinds of bacteria, such oil-eating bacteria used in bioremediation
Modern Cell Theory
- Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
- Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) that is passed from cell to cell during cell division
- All cells are basically the same in chemical composition of similar species
History of Cell Study
- Cells were first named in 1665 by Robert Hooke.
- Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow studied cells in the 1800s
- Now there is enough understanding to genetically engineer new combinations
- Future research is unknown
Section Review Questions
- Examples of lethal or harmful mutations
- Reasoning behind the expansion of the traditional cell theory into a modern cell theory
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Description
Test your knowledge on mutations in biological systems with this quiz covering types of mutations, their impacts, and how modern cell theory integrates these concepts. Dive into examples of lethal, harmful, and beneficial mutations and understand the fundamentals of DNA function in cellular processes.
