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Questions and Answers
Which of the following blood groups can donate blood to someone with type AB blood?
Which of the following blood groups can donate blood to someone with type AB blood?
- O
- A
- B
- All of the above (correct)
What type of antibodies does someone with blood type A have in their plasma?
What type of antibodies does someone with blood type A have in their plasma?
- Anti-A
- Anti-B (correct)
- None
- Anti-A and Anti-B
Which genotype is associated with the production of antigens that do not agglutinate N group?
Which genotype is associated with the production of antigens that do not agglutinate N group?
- MM (correct)
- N
- MN
- NN
If an individual has no antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, what is their likely blood type?
If an individual has no antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, what is their likely blood type?
Which blood group would produce antibodies that agglutinate MN red blood cells?
Which blood group would produce antibodies that agglutinate MN red blood cells?
In the Rhesus system, what is the primary component found on the surface of erythrocytes?
In the Rhesus system, what is the primary component found on the surface of erythrocytes?
Which of the following accurately describes a person with blood type B?
Which of the following accurately describes a person with blood type B?
Which individual can receive blood from any blood group?
Which individual can receive blood from any blood group?
What does the term 'multiple alleles' describe?
What does the term 'multiple alleles' describe?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multiple alleles?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multiple alleles?
What is the outcome when any two mutant multiple alleles are crossed?
What is the outcome when any two mutant multiple alleles are crossed?
Who discovered the existence of blood groups in humans?
Who discovered the existence of blood groups in humans?
What did Karl Landsteiner conclude about the categories of blood?
What did Karl Landsteiner conclude about the categories of blood?
In the context of multiple alleles, what does the term 'wild type' refer to?
In the context of multiple alleles, what does the term 'wild type' refer to?
What significant discovery did Ford make about human blood groups in 1979?
What significant discovery did Ford make about human blood groups in 1979?
What is the specific position on a homologous chromosome where a gene resides called?
What is the specific position on a homologous chromosome where a gene resides called?
What triggers the production of Rh antigen in an individual?
What triggers the production of Rh antigen in an individual?
What condition can result from the high concentration of anti-Rh antibodies in an Rh-negative individual?
What condition can result from the high concentration of anti-Rh antibodies in an Rh-negative individual?
What must be used to avoid sensitizing an Rh-negative woman during blood transfusion?
What must be used to avoid sensitizing an Rh-negative woman during blood transfusion?
How can the development of Rh incompatibility be prevented after delivery?
How can the development of Rh incompatibility be prevented after delivery?
What is the primary cause of erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the primary cause of erythroblastosis fetalis?
When does sensitization typically occur in an Rh-negative mother married to an Rh-positive man?
When does sensitization typically occur in an Rh-negative mother married to an Rh-positive man?
Which statement about Rh antigen production is correct?
Which statement about Rh antigen production is correct?
What is the purpose of injecting anti-D antibodies into a mother after delivery?
What is the purpose of injecting anti-D antibodies into a mother after delivery?
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Study Notes
Multiple Alleles
- Multiple alleles describe the situation where more than two sets of genes at one locus exist.
- A single pair of genes occupies a specific position known as a gene locus on a homologous chromosome.
Characters of Multiple Alleles
- Multiple alleles of a series always occupy the same locus in the chromosome.
- No crossing over occurs within the alleles of the same multiple allele series.
- Multiple alleles always influence the same character.
- The wild type allele is nearly always dominant, while the other mutant alleles in the series may show dominance or an intermediate phenotypic effect.
- When any two of the mutant multiple alleles are crossed, the phenotype is the mutant type and not the wild type.
Blood Group Systems
ABO Blood Group System
- The A, B, AB, and O blood groups in humans are determined by a series of alleles.
- Individuals with allele A have antigen A on their red blood cells and B antibodies in their plasma.
- Individuals with allele B have antigen B on their red blood cells and A antibodies in their plasma.
- Individuals with allele AB have both antigens A and B on their red blood cells and no antibodies in their plasma.
- Individuals with allele O have neither antigen A nor B on their red blood cells and both A and B antibodies in their plasma.
Blood Type Characteristics
- Blood type A: antigen A on red blood cells, B antibodies in plasma
- Blood type B: antigen B on red blood cells, A antibodies in plasma
- Blood type AB: both antigens A and B on red blood cells, no antibodies in plasma
- Blood type O: neither antigen A nor B on red blood cells, both A and B antibodies in plasma
M-N Blood Group System
- Individuals with M blood group have M antigen on their red blood cells and produce antibodies against N antigen.
- Individuals with N blood group have N antigen on their red blood cells and produce antibodies against M antigen.
- Individuals with MN blood group have both M and N antigens on their red blood cells.
Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group System
- The Rh blood group system is determined by the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
- Individuals with the Rh antigen are Rh-positive (Rh+), while those without it are Rh-negative (Rh-).
- Rh-negative individuals can be immunized by injecting with Rh-positive blood, stimulating the production of anti-Rh antibodies.
- Rh incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother and an Rh-positive fetus can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
- To prevent sensitization, Rh-compatible blood must always be used in blood transfusions, and Rh-negative women can be given an injection of Rh antibodies (anti-D) to prevent sensitization.
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