Biology Chapter 8 DNA to Proteins Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between the four nucleotides that make up DNA?

bases

Who figured out the three-dimensional structure of DNA by using a model of metal and wood?

Watson & Crick

In humans, where does DNA replication take place?

nucleus

What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase during replication?

bind nucleotides together Signup and view all the answers

What does messenger RNA do during transcription?

It delivers DNA's instructions for making proteins Signup and view all the answers

How often does transcription take place to produce all the protein that a cell needs?

on a gene segment over and over again Signup and view all the answers

What does the central dogma state?

DNA to RNA to proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are exons?

sections of messenger RNA that are spliced together during processing Signup and view all the answers

What binds with the repressor to activate the lac operon in bacteria?

lactose Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutagen?

an agent in the environment that can change DNA Signup and view all the answers

Where must a mutation occur if it is to be passed to offspring?

in a germ cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary DNA sequence to CCGTACT?

GGCATGA Signup and view all the answers

What would you use to figure out the sequence on the other strand of a DNA double helix?

base pairing rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary RNA sequence to the DNA sequence TAGAGTC?

AUCUCAG Signup and view all the answers

When does DNA replication occur?

once in every cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

What does Crick's central dogma summarize?

replication, transcription, and translation Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acids are coded for in the mRNA sequence CGAUACAGUAGC?

4 Signup and view all the answers

When does mRNA processing take place?

after transcription Signup and view all the answers

What are introns?

nucleotide sequences that are removed during mRNA processing Signup and view all the answers

How does the ribosome interact with mRNA and tRNA during translation?

small ribosome binds to mRNA, attracting tRNA with methionine to start codon Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon?

The peptide strand would be released & ribosome would fall apart Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur?

cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an amino acid?

will form peptide bond with another amino acid, forming a protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the start codon and the nucleotide sequence for the corresponding anticodon?

AUG; UAC Signup and view all the answers

How does a frameshift mutation (insertion) affect the way the mRNA is read?

The reading frame is thrown off because all the nucleotides are shifted to the right. Signup and view all the answers

How would a frameshift mutation (insertion) affect the structure of the resulting protein?

Resulting protein could have different amino acids, different shape/different protein Signup and view all the answers

If a frameshift mutation occurred in a body cell, would the offspring be affected?

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 ways that RNA differs from DNA?

Ribose instead of deoxyribose, single strand instead of double strand, U instead of T Signup and view all the answers

Name the 3 stop codons.

UAA, UAG, UGA Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Structure and Function

Four nucleotides in DNA differ by their bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Watson and Crick discovered the three-dimensional structure of DNA using a model made of metal and wood.

DNA Replication

In humans, DNA replication occurs in the nucleus.
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that binds nucleotides together during replication.
Replication happens once in every cell cycle.

Transcription and mRNA Processing

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries DNA instructions to synthesize proteins.
Transcription occurs repeatedly on a gene segment to produce adequate protein levels.
mRNA processing involves splicing exons together and removing introns.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The central dogma outlines the information flow from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Crick's summary encompasses replication, transcription, and translation.

Codons and Translational Mechanics

The start codon is AUG, with the corresponding anticodon UAC.
mRNA codons are read in groups of three, known as the triplet code; for example, the sequence CGAUACAGUAGC codes for 4 amino acids.
Translation takes place in the cytoplasm, where the ribosome binds to mRNA and attracts tRNA carrying methionine to the start codon.

Mutations and Their Effects

Mutagens are environmental agents that can alter DNA.
Mutations that can be inherited must occur in germ cells.
A frameshift mutation (insertion) shifts the reading frame, potentially altering the resultant protein's amino acid sequence and structure.
Frameshift mutations in body cells do not affect offspring since they are not passed to gametes.

RNA vs. DNA

RNA differs from DNA in three significant ways:
- RNA contains ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose.
- RNA is single-stranded compared to DNA’s double-stranded structure.
- RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

Stop Codons

There are three stop codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA, which signal the termination of protein synthesis.

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Test your knowledge on Chapter 8 from DNA to Proteins with these interactive flashcards. Explore essential concepts including nucleotide differences, DNA structure, and replication processes. Perfect for revision and understanding key biological principles.