Biology Chapter 7 Study Guide Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus, contain DNA in the nucleoid, and have minimal organelles. Responsible for basic life functions and movement. Bacteria are examples.
Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus and chromosomes. Possess organelles and internal membranes. Include organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cytosol/Cytoplasm: Region outside the nucleus involving various cellular activities.
Organelle: Specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.
Nucleus: Enclosed by a membrane, containing DNA, controls cellular activities.
Chromosomes: Threadlike DNA structures carrying genetic information, inherited through generations.
Chromatin: Granular DNA material in the nucleus that condenses into chromosomes.

Genes: DNA sequences coding for proteins that dictate traits.
Nucleolus: Small structure within the nucleus, involved in ribosome production.
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with nuclear pores for substance transport.

Ribosomes: RNA particles responsible for protein synthesis, following genetic instructions.
Free Ribosomes: Scattered in the cytoplasm, producing proteins that enter the cytosol.
Bound Ribosomes: Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), synthesize proteins for membrane incorporation or packaging.

Endomembrane System: Network of membranes including the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles involved in protein and lipid transport and storage.

Rough ER: Has surface ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for storage or export.
Lysosomes: Enzyme-filled organelles responsible for breaking down cellular waste and macromolecules.
Peroxisomes: Organelles involved in metabolic processes, found in most cells.
Mitochondria: Convert food chemical energy into usable compounds. Known as the powerhouses of the cell.
Plastids: Plant organelles for storage of substances like starches and pigments.

Chloroplasts: Organelles that capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles: Sac-like structures for storage of materials such as water and nutrients.

Cytoskeleton: Protein filament network that maintains cell shape and aids in movement.
Microfilaments: Thin fibers for support and movement.
Microtubules: Hollow protein structures essential for cell shape and division.
Centrioles: Organize cell division; absent in plant cells.
Basal Bodies: Centrioles at the base of cilia and flagella.

Flagella: Long, whip-like structures for cell movement, wiggle in prokaryotes and spin in eukaryotes.
Cilia: Short, hairlike structures that move in waves to propel cells.

Plasma (Cell) Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulate entry and exit of substances.
Fluid-Mosaic Model: Describes the arrangement of proteins in a flexible, fluid membrane structure.

Diffusion: Movement of particles from areas of high to low concentration.
Passive Transport: Gradient-based movement without energy input.
Active Transport: Energy-consuming movement against concentration gradients.
Osmosis: Water diffusion across semi-permeable membranes.
Selectively Permeable Membrane: Allows specific substances to pass while blocking others.

Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water loss.
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of solutes outside, leading to water influx.
Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell.

Plasmolysis: Shrinking of the cell in a hypertonic environment due to water loss.
Lysis: Destruction or dissolution of cells.
Facilitated Diffusion: Movement assisted by transport proteins.
Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of substances via membrane engulfing.
Phagocytosis: Engulfing of large particles by cytoplasm extensions.
Exocytosis: Release of substances via vesicle fusion with the membrane.