Biology Chapter 7 Study Guide Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells do not contain a nucleus?

Plant Cells

Animal Cells

Prokaryotic Cells (correct)

Eukaryotic Cells

What are Eukaryotic Cells?

Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes make proteins.

The _______ is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material.

nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

To modify, sort, and package proteins and materials from the ER. Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is involved in cell movement?

Cilia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria?

To convert chemical energy from food into usable energy for the cell. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ consists of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell.

endomembrane system Signup and view all the answers

Passive transport requires energy to occur.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of solution causes a cell to shrink due to water loss?

Hypertonic Signup and view all the answers

Define diffusion.

The process where particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

To transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients. Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope Signup and view all the answers

Plasmolysis occurs when a cell is in a hypotonic environment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

Movement through a membrane via transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types

Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus, contain DNA in the nucleoid, and have minimal organelles. Responsible for basic life functions and movement. Bacteria are examples.
Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus and chromosomes. Possess organelles and internal membranes. Include organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cell Components

Cytosol/Cytoplasm: Region outside the nucleus involving various cellular activities.
Organelle: Specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.
Nucleus: Enclosed by a membrane, containing DNA, controls cellular activities.
Chromosomes: Threadlike DNA structures carrying genetic information, inherited through generations.
Chromatin: Granular DNA material in the nucleus that condenses into chromosomes.

Genetic Information

Genes: DNA sequences coding for proteins that dictate traits.
Nucleolus: Small structure within the nucleus, involved in ribosome production.
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with nuclear pores for substance transport.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes: RNA particles responsible for protein synthesis, following genetic instructions.
Free Ribosomes: Scattered in the cytoplasm, producing proteins that enter the cytosol.
Bound Ribosomes: Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), synthesize proteins for membrane incorporation or packaging.

Endomembrane System

Endomembrane System: Network of membranes including the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles involved in protein and lipid transport and storage.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER: Has surface ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Organelles Involved in Processing and Energy

Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for storage or export.
Lysosomes: Enzyme-filled organelles responsible for breaking down cellular waste and macromolecules.
Peroxisomes: Organelles involved in metabolic processes, found in most cells.
Mitochondria: Convert food chemical energy into usable compounds. Known as the powerhouses of the cell.
Plastids: Plant organelles for storage of substances like starches and pigments.

Storage Structures

Chloroplasts: Organelles that capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis.
Vacuoles: Sac-like structures for storage of materials such as water and nutrients.

Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton: Protein filament network that maintains cell shape and aids in movement.
Microfilaments: Thin fibers for support and movement.
Microtubules: Hollow protein structures essential for cell shape and division.
Centrioles: Organize cell division; absent in plant cells.
Basal Bodies: Centrioles at the base of cilia and flagella.

Cell Movement Structures

Flagella: Long, whip-like structures for cell movement, wiggle in prokaryotes and spin in eukaryotes.
Cilia: Short, hairlike structures that move in waves to propel cells.

Membrane Structure and Function

Plasma (Cell) Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulate entry and exit of substances.
Fluid-Mosaic Model: Describes the arrangement of proteins in a flexible, fluid membrane structure.

Transport Mechanisms

Diffusion: Movement of particles from areas of high to low concentration.
Passive Transport: Gradient-based movement without energy input.
Active Transport: Energy-consuming movement against concentration gradients.
Osmosis: Water diffusion across semi-permeable membranes.
Selectively Permeable Membrane: Allows specific substances to pass while blocking others.

Solutions and Concentration

Hypertonic: Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water loss.
Hypotonic: Lower concentration of solutes outside, leading to water influx.
Isotonic: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell.

Cellular Processes

Plasmolysis: Shrinking of the cell in a hypertonic environment due to water loss.
Lysis: Destruction or dissolution of cells.
Facilitated Diffusion: Movement assisted by transport proteins.
Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of substances via membrane engulfing.
Phagocytosis: Engulfing of large particles by cytoplasm extensions.
Exocytosis: Release of substances via vesicle fusion with the membrane.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Biology Chapter 7. Understand the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their structures, and functions. Perfect for quick revision and exam preparation.