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Questions and Answers
What are organisms that produce their own food called?
What are organisms that produce their own food called?
What do heterotrophs transform the energy found in to usable energy?
What do heterotrophs transform the energy found in to usable energy?
organic molecules
This process converts solar energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water into a carbohydrate called glucose and oxygen gas. The products of this reaction are consumed by organisms called heterotrophs that must take in pre-formed organic molecules for energy. These organisms transform the energy found in ____________ and oxygen gas to usable energy, releasing carbon dioxide gas and water.
This process converts solar energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water into a carbohydrate called glucose and oxygen gas. The products of this reaction are consumed by organisms called heterotrophs that must take in pre-formed organic molecules for energy. These organisms transform the energy found in ____________ and oxygen gas to usable energy, releasing carbon dioxide gas and water.
organic molecules
What is the enzyme used to synthesize ATP?
What is the enzyme used to synthesize ATP?
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As hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient, energy is released.
As hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient, energy is released.
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The energy that is released when hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase provides the energy needed to form ADP and phosphate from ATP.
The energy that is released when hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase provides the energy needed to form ADP and phosphate from ATP.
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Photosystem I occurs before photosystem II during the light reactions.
Photosystem I occurs before photosystem II during the light reactions.
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What does a photosystem consist of?
What does a photosystem consist of?
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After high-energy electrons leave photosystem II, they proceed directly to _____, where their energy is used to _____.
After high-energy electrons leave photosystem II, they proceed directly to _____, where their energy is used to _____.
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In which of the following ways is photosystem I different than photosystem II?
In which of the following ways is photosystem I different than photosystem II?
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Why does photosystem II not lose all its electrons over time?
Why does photosystem II not lose all its electrons over time?
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What are NADPH and ATP used for after their generation during the light reactions?
What are NADPH and ATP used for after their generation during the light reactions?
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What is the overall goal of the Calvin cycle?
What is the overall goal of the Calvin cycle?
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Where does the energy input needed for the second stage of the Calvin cycle come from?
Where does the energy input needed for the second stage of the Calvin cycle come from?
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The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle _____, sending it back to aid in _____ again.
The last stage of the Calvin cycle acts to recycle _____, sending it back to aid in _____ again.
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Study Notes
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
- Autotrophs produce their own food, primarily via photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis converts solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.
- Heterotrophs require pre-formed organic molecules for energy and release carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Autotrophs
- Organisms that synthesize organic compounds from carbon sources like carbon dioxide.
- Key players in ecosystems as primary producers.
Leaves and Photosynthesis
- Leaves are critical organs for photosynthesis, providing surface area for light absorption.
- Contain chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs.
The Role of Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon dioxide is an essential reactant in photosynthesis.
- Incorporated into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle.
Overview of Photosynthesis
- Comprises two main stages: light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
The Light Reaction
- Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
Light Reactions and the Calvin Cycle
- Light reactions supply ATP and NADPH, which are required for the Calvin cycle.
- The two processes work together to ensure a continuous supply of energy and organic compounds.
Photosystem I and II
- Photosystem II captures light energy to split water molecules, releasing electrons.
- Photosystem I utilizes high-energy electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
Chemiosmosis
- A process where protons move across a membrane, creating a concentration gradient.
- Drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
G3P
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is a key product formed in the Calvin cycle.
- Serves as a building block for glucose and other carbohydrates.
Proton Pumps
- Protein complexes that transport hydrogen ions across cell membranes.
- Establishes proton gradients essential for ATP synthesis.
Movement of Protons and ATP Synthesis
- Protons moving down their concentration gradient release energy.
- Energy from this movement powers ATP production via ATP synthase.
Photosystem Mechanism
- Photosystems focus solar energy on reaction centers, generating high-energy electrons.
- Essential for the conversion of solar energy into chemical forms.
Photosystem II and Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons from photosystem II enter the electron transport chain, producing ATP.
- Water splitting replenishes lost electrons and generates oxygen.
NADPH and ATP Usage
- NADPH and ATP generated in light reactions are crucial for the Calvin cycle.
- They facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
Calvin Cycle Goals
- Aims to utilize carbon dioxide and energy (ATP and NADPH) to form carbohydrates.
- Involves a series of reactions that recycle intermediates.
Inputs to the Calvin Cycle
- ATP and NADPH from light reactions are essential for reducing 3PG molecules in the Calvin cycle.
Recycling RuBP
- The last stage of the Calvin cycle regenerates RuBP, ensuring continuous carbon fixation.
- Supports the overall efficiency of the photosynthetic process.
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis captures and stores energy, while cellular respiration releases energy from organic molecules.
- Both processes are vital for the energy balance in ecosystems.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on autotrophs and heterotrophs in this quiz from Biology Chapter 7. Learn how these organisms function and their roles in the ecosystem, including the process of photosynthesis. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts.
